Contract 015286 (INCO) - CRESMED Document: D 25 ­ MSG DESIGN MANUAL WP 7 Task 1 Description: Language English Responsible: S. POUFFARY (ADEME) Co-author: JC MARCEL (TRANSENERGIE) Revised by:<br/><br/>Final use- D<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/08<br/><br/>Version 1 Level: WD Nº pages: 29<br/><br/>Author: S. POUFFARY (ADEME) Date: Comments:<br/><br/>D25 Multi user Solar hybrid Grid (MSG) design and implementation manual<br/><br/>The sole responsibility for the content of this report lies with the authors. It does not represent the opinion of the Community. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.<br/><br/>D 25 Project:<br/><br/>MSG DESIGN MANUAL CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: S. POUFFARY Page 1/29<br/><br/>Work Package : 7- Dissemination of MSG method<br/><br/><br/>Contract 015286 (INCO) - CRESMED Document: D 25 ­ MSG DESIGN MANUAL WP 7 Task 1 Description: Language English Responsible: S. POUFFARY (ADEME) Co-author: JC MARCEL (TRANSENERGIE) Revised by:<br/><br/>Final use- D<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/08<br/><br/>Version 1 Level: WD Nº pages: 29<br/><br/>Author: S. POUFFARY (ADEME) Date: Comments:<br/><br/>CRESMED project summary Based on the successful implementation of multi-user solar hybrid grids (MSG) in Europe, this project deals with the design of rural village electrification technology and schemes for rural communities, schools, or dispensaries in Mediterranean partner countries. With the following strategic objectives for cost-effective: Renewable Energy electricity produced from multi user solar hybrid systems (MSGs) combining solar and other locally available energy sources on local micro grids Management tools to operate rationally a larger number of MSGs in a region by satellite and other communication technologies For this purpose, this project further develops and adapts an integrated approach, covering all aspects required (social, economical, financial and technical) for long term sustainable energy service achieved with hybrid systems. This approach is elaborated in a common effort between partners in the European Union and Mediterranean partner countries. There is an initial preparation phase addressing research on technological, socio-economic and institutional issues in each target country covered by this project (Morocco, Algeria, Jordan, Lebanon), which are all crucial for successful implementation. The systems to be developed are adapted to the context in Mediterranean partner countries, such as high robustness, and additional communications for remote monitoring. They are based on a locally appropriate energy mix based on photovoltaic plus wind or microhydraulic, and fuel, feeding local micro grids. Intelligent energy distribution devices assure reliable energy service for each user so that a high level of energy efficiency and demand side management is achieved during the operation of the systems. The project previews dissemination of results using a rural electrification manual, local dissemination actions in each target country, one training seminar and one international conference targeting at specialists from all Mediterranean partner countries these two sessions will be done with the help of two UN agencies (UNESCO and ESCWA).<br/><br/>D 25 Project:<br/><br/>MSG DESIGN MANUAL CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: S. POUFFARY Page 2/29<br/><br/>Work Package : 7- Dissemination of MSG method<br/><br/><br/>CONTENT 0. 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 4 MSG with centralised hybrid system............................................................................. 5 I ­ Architecture..................................................................................................................... 5 II ­ Characteristics of the equipment................................................................................. 7 III - Applications .................................................................................................................. 7 2. MSG with decentralised hybrid system......................................................................... 8 I ­ Architecture..................................................................................................................... 8 II ­ Characteristics of the equipment............................................................................... 10 III - Applications ................................................................................................................ 11 3. General conditions of exploitation.............................................................................. 12 I ­ Implementation ............................................................................................................. 12 II - Operation and maintenance........................................................................................ 12 4. Costs ............................................................................................................................. 13 I - Investment costs............................................................................................................. 13 II - Running costs ............................................................................................................... 14 5. Hybrid system design software.................................................................................... 15 I - Introduction ................................................................................................................... 15 II - Overview of dimensioning and simulation programmes for hybrid PV systems .. 16 6. 7. Appliances choice ........................................................................................................ 17 Software tool for grid design....................................................................................... 18 I - Description of the tool ................................................................................................... 18 II - Renewable energy components: application to rural electrification....................... 19 8. Lessons learnt .............................................................................................................. 24 I ­ General considerations................................................................................................. 24 II - Successful outcomes and common barriers............................................................... 25 9. Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 28 I - Financial and organizational aspects........................................................................... 28 II - Technical characteristics............................................................................................. 29 III - Design of the installation............................................................................................ 29 IV - Maintenance................................................................................................................ 29 V - Parameters of evaluation and assessment of the operation...................................... 29 VI - Social aspects............................................................................................................... 29<br/><br/>D 25 Project:<br/><br/>MSG DESIGN MANUAL CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: S. POUFFARY Page 3/29<br/><br/>Work Package : 7- Dissemination of MSG method<br/><br/><br/>0. Introduction Rural electrification of remote villages is done more than often with gensets. This solution with medium investment faces many problems like: · Obligation to have a second one for a continuous service 24 hours per day and during preventive or curative maintenance routines · Important consumption of fuel with a permanent increasing price · Operation and maintenance with qualified staff · High maintenance and operating cost with often no provisional budget and cash or spare parts availability · Limited lifetime (roughly 20 000 hours for a genset or 2 to 3 years of permanent service) · Environmental impact, noise, smoke, greenhouse gases emission · Bad operating point for the genset due to power fluctuations · Fuel transport difficulties if bad access (pirogue, plane ...) Autonomous photovoltaic systems bring solutions to these troubles. Nevertheless, they need an important investment and are oversized a large part of the year. It is true that, for a permanent service all the year, the sizing is done for the worst month where the ratio consumption / irradiation is the higher one, which means for a constant load profile the worst month regarding irradiation. Consequently, in one hand, the photovoltaic array is oversized for all the other months with important production losses, in the other hand batteries park is sized for 3 or 10 days of autonomy function of the site location. Hybrid systems described hereafter use gensets, batteries parks, photovoltaic arrays and/or windmills. In the photovoltaic case, the array must be sized for the month where the ratio consumption / irradiation is the lower one, which means for a constant load profile the best month regarding irradiation. During the other months, the deficit is balanced by the genset. Consequently, batteries park is sized for two or four days of autonomy. Hybrid systems are a compromise between the permanent utilisation of a stand alone genset and the utilisation of a stand alone photovoltaic system. Advantages are the following: · Utilisation of two (or three) different and complementary energy sources permitting a better service continuity · Better use of the solar energy · Fuel cost reduction · Less preventive maintenance routines per year · Increasing of the genset lifetime · Optimisation of the operating point for the genset (charge of the battery park with optimal power) · Lower operating and running costs · Greenhouse gases mitigation In addition, a hybrid system is able to face an increasing of energy consumption, thanks to the operating duration of the genset. In order to have a wide use of hybrid systems, the dissemination of the MSG method is capital. The aim of this manual is to provide a free brochure for potential MSG users.<br/><br/>D 25 Project:<br/><br/>MSG DESIGN MANUAL CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: S. POUFFARY Page 4/29<br/><br/>Work Package : 7- Dissemination of MSG method<br/><br/><br/>1. MSG with centralised hybrid system I ­ Architecture A centralised hybrid system is a system of centralised production of electricity constituted by different complementary energy sources: · One is a renewable energy sources (photovoltaic, windmill or both) using local resources (sun irradiation and/or wind speed) · One is generally a common genset for extra contribution facing climate fluctuations or erratic increasing of daily consumption. Two configurations are possible: · Hybrid power station with separated inverter and charger · Hybrid power station with reversible inverter 1 - Hybrid system with separated inverter and charger This hybrid system is designed with a photovoltaic (PV) array1 and a genset insuring periodically an electricity production complement or back up if there is an irradiation deficit. The global synoptic is given hereafter:<br/><br/>During daytime, the PV array produces Direct current (DC) at a nominal voltage from 48V to 440 V function of the power. Battery stores the excess of energy produced and can distribute it to the grid thanks to the inverter. Daily consumption is generally more important that solar production, so, PV array supplies the totality of its producible energy function of the irradiation. The genset runs automatically, it can be periodically (i.e. 2 hours every three days) or controlled by a monitored data (i.e. the voltage of the battery), or both.<br/>1<br/><br/>A wind mill can be installed in place solar generator<br/>MSG DESIGN MANUAL CRESMED Responsible: S. POUFFARY Page 5/29 Date: 29/10/2008<br/><br/>D 25 Project:<br/><br/>Work Package : 7- Dissemination of MSG method<br/><br/><br/>In the normal way, genset runs in order to charge the batteries trough the charger. The genset stops automatically when batteries reach a good value of state of charge; it permits to protect batteries again deep state of discharge. The daily running time of the genset depends directly of: · Daily irradiation level · Daily consumption Due to the application and the power level, the distribution is done in alternative current (AC) under the local common voltage (110V, 220V) The distributed energy is done under one or three phases, function of the global power and the length of the lines. The final households' connection is in derivation from the main lines (radial network). 2 - Hybrid system with reversible inverter This type of system is quite the same than the former one. The essential difference is the cluster of the charger and inverter in the same device called reversible inverter. At the time being, powerful reversible inverters are available on the market; it was not the case a few years ago. The synoptic is given hereafter:<br/><br/>Nevertheless, this solution presents some advantages: · In case of peak of power from the grid superior to the nominal power of the inverter, the genset can run automatically in parallel, feeds the grid and eventually charges the batteries if necessary. · The global energetic yield of the system is better · The cost of a reversible inverter is lower than the cost of a charger plus an inverter · Simplification of the wiring · Insurance of compatibility<br/><br/>D 25 Project:<br/><br/>MSG DESIGN MANUAL CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: S. POUFFARY Page 6/29<br/><br/>Work Package : 7- Dissemination of MSG method<br/><br/><br/>II ­ Characteristics of the equipment 1 ­ Composition The electricity power supply is set up with common devices available on the market: · PV array: from 5kW to 100 kW made by standard modules (50 Wp to 180 Wp each) · Lead acid or gel batteries with positive tubular electrodes with a nominal voltage between 48 V to 440 V set up individual elements of 2 V each; the capacity is function of the autonomy needs · Inverter, 2 to 20 kVA single phase, 10 to 100 kVA three phases · Charger (if no reversible inverter), power function of the battery capacity and voltage · Genset, generally Diesel, between 10 to 30 kVA single phase and 30 to 200 kVA three phases distribution A technical shelter is needed for the genset, electrical cabinets and batteries The grid for electricity distribution can be aerial or underground, with protection equipments for persons and goods based on transmitted power. On the consumption side, the utilisation of low consumption equipment is mandatory, avoiding large production generators and losses, optimising the consumed energy: · Low consumption lamps (tube or compact with a good power factor) · Audiovisual devices without stand by mode · High class consumption fridges (B, A, A+) · Energy counters with low internal consumption (with or without prepayment systems) 2 ­ Performances Energetic performances of hybrid generators depend of the irradiation and the daily average running time of the genset. Typically, with a daily average running time of a few hours per day for the genset, the daily energy available is between 10 to 500 kWh per day for the whole users with a maximum of power between 5 to 100 kW. Specific software or freeware optimise the size of each component in order to reduce the investments and running costs. The sizing of a hybrid system must be systematically studied with, as the starting point de daily energy needs and their possible evolution function sometime of the season. Local irradiation, fuel costs, manpower cost are also predominant keys parameters. III - Applications A centralised hybrid system can be implemented if the village is quite compact without spread households. Energy needs must be reasonable for people and economical activity. Awareness of the users regarding renewable energy use must be important and the social organisation reliable.<br/>D 25 Project: MSG DESIGN MANUAL CRESMED Responsible: S. POUFFARY Page 7/29 Date: 29/10/2008<br/><br/>Work Package : 7- Dissemination of MSG method<br/><br/><br/>2. MSG with decentralised hybrid system I ­ Architecture A decentralised hybrid system is a system of decentralised production of electricity 24 hours per day constituted by different complementary energy sources: · · One is a renewable energy sources generally photovoltaic using local resources dispatched in various households or buildings One is generally a collective common genset for extra contribution facing climate fluctuations or erratic increasing of daily consumption.<br/><br/>Three configurations are possible: · · · Hybrid power system feeding the grid temporarily (but with permanent service for users) Hybrid power system feeding the grid continuously Hybrid system within mini grid fed permanently with produced energy mutualisation<br/><br/>1 ­ Hybrid system with mini grid fed temporarily Synoptic<br/><br/>Principle The hybrid system is composed by many individual photovoltaic (PV) generators and a collective electrical grid fed only by a genset some hours per day. Each individual PV generator is sized in order to insure autonomously basic electrical needs as: · Lighting<br/>D 25 Project: MSG DESIGN MANUAL CRESMED Responsible: S. POUFFARY Page 8/29 Date: 29/10/2008<br/><br/>Work Package : 7- Dissemination of MSG method<br/><br/><br/>· · ·<br/><br/>Audiovisual devices Refrigeration Small household appliances (mixer ...)<br/><br/>During daytime, PV system produces DC current (generally under 24V). Batteries store the PV produced energy and feed the appliances in DC (24V) or AC (240V) trough an inverter. In case of battery deep discharge, a charger can feeds the batteries during the running hours of the genset. In order to satisfy power needs, a specific network in AC current is existing feed by the genset only when it is running. The running time is directly linked to the needs for this specific network for powerful appliances applications (i.e. washing machine). The distributed energy is done under one or three phases, function of the global power and the length of the lines. The final households' connection is in derivation from the main lines (radial network). 2 ­ Hybrid system with mini grid fed permanently<br/><br/>The principle is quite the same that the previous one. The difference is the grid is fed permanently by a centralised, powerful and reversible inverter. This one is supplied by batteries charged periodically by the genset<br/><br/>D 25 Project:<br/><br/>MSG DESIGN MANUAL CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: S. POUFFARY Page 9/29<br/><br/>Work Package : 7- Dissemination of MSG method<br/><br/><br/>3 ­ Hybrid system with mini grid fed permanently with produced energy mutualisation<br/><br/>The main difference with the former described decentralised systems is that individual PV generators can feed the collective grid. So, if in a household the battery is full and the needs lower than PV production, the excess of energy will feed the grid for another user, collective applications or will charge the collective batteries. The genset has two roles: · To charge the batteries in case of low irradiation combined with high consumption demand · To feed the grid in parallel with other generators during peak power appeals<br/><br/>II ­ Characteristics of the equipment 1 ­ Composition The centralised generator The centralised generator is composed by the following items: · A genset with a 10 to 30 kVA power (single phase) or 30 to 200 kVA for a three phases device · A lead acid battery park with 48 to 440 V of nominal voltage and a capacity able to supply the requested autonomy (generally 2 days) · A centralised reversible inverter with a 3 to 20 kVA power (single phase) or 30 to 200 kVA for a three phases device · A shelter in order to protect and secure the system The grid for electricity distribution can be aerial or underground, with protection equipments for persons and goods based on transmitted power.<br/><br/>D 25 Project:<br/><br/>MSG DESIGN MANUAL CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: S. POUFFARY Page 10/29<br/><br/>Work Package : 7- Dissemination of MSG method<br/><br/><br/>The decentralised generators For each household, the individual PV generator (between 50 Wp up to 2 kWp) is composed by: · PV standard modules (50 Wp to 180 Wp each) · Lead acid or gel batteries with positive tubular electrodes with a nominal voltage between 24 V to 48 V ; the capacity is function of the autonomy needs, generally 3 or 5 days · Charge regulator or reversible inverter (in relationship with the system configuration) (from 1.5 up the 5 kVA · Low consumption appliances · Advanced energy counters with low internal consumption (with daily energy limitation, power limitation, production and battery state of charge displayed, 2 ­ Performances Energetic performances of hybrid generators depend of the irradiation and the daily average running time of the genset. Typically, the daily production of individual PV generator is around 3 Wh/Wp in a tropical zone. The daily production of the genset depends essentially of the grid energy needs Specific software or freeware optimise the size of each component in order to reduce the investments and running costs. The sizing of a hybrid system must be systematically studied with, as the starting point de daily energy needs and their possible evolution function sometime of the season. Local irradiation, fuel costs, manpower cost are also predominant keys parameters. III - Applications The decentralised hybrid system is possible if households are not too much spread and all without shadows on a specific area. This solution can satisfy the different needs of each user and presents an interesting modularity in case of the daily energy demand increases significantly.<br/><br/>D 25 Project:<br/><br/>MSG DESIGN MANUAL CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: S. POUFFARY Page 11/29<br/><br/>Work Package : 7- Dissemination of MSG method<br/><br/><br/>3. General conditions of exploitation I ­ Implementation The implantation of hybrid systems is quite simple with the utilisation of normalised devices adapted for the use conditions and respect of the rules of the art in electricity and PV applications. · · · · · · For a centralised PV array, concrete basement and civil work are necessary for a good fixation of the array structures receiving the modules For a standardised individual PV generator can be installed like solar home systems by a PV trained electrician For the genset, generally well known component in remote area an adapted shelter with aeration for the exhausts but with a good protection against rain falls can be done with local methods and materials Batteries can be installed in an independent room Installation and wiring of electrical devices must be done in accordance with common electrical rules by qualified staff The grid implementation follows the ordinary rules, even if sometimes specs can be lighter than in town for example II - Operation and maintenance Operation and maintenance is quite simple but very often the weak point of the system due to lack of money or know how if there is not sufficient information and training. In general, two a three times a year (except for the genset) the following tasks must be realised: · For the PV array, cleaning of the modules and the area (high grass, trees), wiring and structures control · At the battery level, electrolyte level control and distilled water addition if necessary (in case of open batteries), boost charge, control of the wiring · At the genset level, preventive maintenance routines (oil, filters), oil sewage every 250 hours and of course fill in of the fuel tank · At the global level, a supervision system (monitoring, datalogging) must permit a deep analysis of the power supply and consumption and can detect or prevent failures. With a correct and efficient operation and maintenance organisation, components lifetimes can be the following: · · · · Batteries lifetime can be estimated around 5 to 7 years Genset can reach around 20 years with an average daily running time of 2 hours. PV array and structures can run during 25 or 30 years. Charger and inverter, it depends of the quality and technology but a lifetime between 5 to 10 years can be expected.<br/><br/>D 25 Project:<br/><br/>MSG DESIGN MANUAL CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: S. POUFFARY Page 12/29<br/><br/>Work Package : 7- Dissemination of MSG method<br/><br/><br/>4. Costs I - Investment costs Investment costs for a hybrid system can be split in various categories: · · · · · · · The PV array (structure and modules Batteries Genset Energy converters (inverter, charger) Technical shelter and civil work The distribution grid If any, the in-house electrical equipments (counter, protection, advanced appliances ...)<br/><br/>The costs are of course function of the chosen equipment and its specs. Roughly prices are given hereafter. Beware due to the country policy sometimes there ere taxes in addition or subtraction (VAT, customs). Installation and transportation are not included because very different from a site to another one. For the grid and civil work the cost is also function of the location plus the cost of raw material like copper or cement. In addition, sometimes the grid still exists, fed by an old genset running a few hours per day or per week. PV array Batteries Genset Energy converter Regulation, monitoring, protection 3,5 to 5 Euro / Wp 0,1 Euro / Wh 0,2 to 1 Euro / VA 0,5 to 3 Euro / VA 0,4 to 1 Euro / Wp<br/><br/>Beware due to the country policy sometimes there are taxes in addition or subtraction (VAT, customs). Installation and transportation are not included because very different from a site to another one. For the grid and civil work the cost is also function of the location plus the cost of raw material like copper or cement. In addition, sometimes the grid still exists, fed by an old genset running a few hours per day or per week. Investment optimisation study can be done by specific software taking account the users energy needs, solar resources, fuel cost ... The investment cost is between 15 and 30 Euro/Wp, an indicative repartition is given hereafter for the PV generator:<br/><br/>D 25 Project:<br/><br/>MSG DESIGN MANUAL CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: S. POUFFARY Page 13/29<br/><br/>Work Package : 7- Dissemination of MSG method<br/><br/><br/>PV array Batteries In house wiring and grid connection Energy converter Regulation, monitoring, protection<br/><br/>30% - 40% 15% - 20% 15% -25% 10% - 20% 5% - 10%<br/><br/>II - Running costs The running costs are essentially: · · · · The genset fuel and consumables for the preventive maintenance (low in the case of a hybrid system running some hours per weeks The staff costs regarding preventive maintenance of the various items Some spare parts for curative maintenance (relay, IGBT ...) Battery cost replacement every 5 or 10 years (a yearly saving is needed)<br/><br/>The hybrid system design has to consider these running costs for at least 20 years, these costs must be actualised periodically function of the country, the site location and the economical context. Roughly we can estimate the running costs (without battery replacement) are between 2% and 5% of the investment costs.<br/><br/>D 25 Project:<br/><br/>MSG DESIGN MANUAL CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: S. POUFFARY Page 14/29<br/><br/>Work Package : 7- Dissemination of MSG method<br/><br/><br/>5. Hybrid system design software I - Introduction Off -grid systems, and in particular hybrid systems, are characterised by a high degree of complexity at the dimensioning stage. For this reason, as similarly in many other fields, soft ware simulation is an important aid. There is already a broad diversity of such programmes on the market. An actual overview from 2007 of IEA PVPS task 11 summarise 21 simulation tools which are used in 11 countries. Some are very comprehensive and perform their calculations down to a very detailed level, where as others are rather more suited for fast »coarse dimensioning«. The different programmes integrate different sets of technologies (PV, wind, additional generators ...), and some include also economic calculations. The costs of the software vary no less significantly, which often makes it difficult to find the best package for the task in hand. The task is to analyse those programmes on the market which are specifically able to model hybrid systems (PV-diesel batteries) and which appear to promise a short familiarisation period.2 The results are seven selected simulation programmes, which are relative well known and the familiarisation process is relative easy. The seven programmes can be divided into three groups: dimensioning programmes, which calculate the system dimensions on the basis of input data (load and climate data and system components), and simulation programmes, which use the input data (load and climate data, system components and configuration) to simulate the behaviour of the system over a given period. The third group comprises programmes which offer both options. The programme descriptions and overview table show that each of the programmes has its pros and cons. The user must therefore be aware of the features which are most important for his particular case, and should then test the programmes which meet these criteria. Most of the commercial programmes are also available in time limited demo versions. One of the key decisions to be made by the user concerns the desired focus of the calculations: economic considerations (HOMER), general dimensioning (RETScreen), a detailed technical configuration (PV-SPS, PV-Sol, PVSYST) or system analysis (Hybrid2, PV-DesignPro). In conclusion, it must be pointed out that the results of the system design and system simulation are de pendent not only on the calculation algorithms of the programme concerned, but also to a high extent on the quality of the input data, i.e. the technical knowledge and experience of the programme user. The software will prove a very useful aid during the process of system identification. The output results, however, should always be appraised with the due critical objectivity. The individual programmes are to be presented here in more detail.<br/><br/>2<br/><br/>The Cresmed consortium thanks Anja Lippkau from Conergy and the IEA PVPS task 11 group that they agree to use their results<br/><br/>D 25 Project:<br/><br/>MSG DESIGN MANUAL CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: S. POUFFARY Page 15/29<br/><br/>Work Package : 7- Dissemination of MSG method<br/><br/><br/>II - Overview of dimensioning and simulation programmes for hybrid PV systems Software<br/>Programme Version Date of 1.version Date of recent version Costs (single license) Language versions Instruction manual quality User background knowledge User friendless Component dimensioning(2) Simulation (2) Plausibility check Irradiation data base Wind data base Emission balance Economic analysis Clearness of data input for users Clearness of data input for system components Result output clarity Time resolution of the output Project report/ printout<br/><br/>Dimensioning (Dim)<br/>PV-SPS 2.0 2001 2001 99 (A $) = 58 Euro Engl. (1) Normal O PV-D-B No Sim. Yes 4 locations No No No O + (4) + month, year O RETScreen Version 3.2 2005 1997 free Engl., French + normal + PV-D-B No Sim. no yes + NASA link +S yes yes yes + + (5) + month, year +<br/><br/>Dim. + Sim.<br/>PV-SOL 2.6 R5 2006 1998 498 Euro PVSYST v3.41 2006 1994 700 (CHF) = 465 Euro French, Engl. Hybrid2 1,3c R3 2004 1998 free Engl. -<br/><br/>Simulation(Sim)<br/>PV-DesignPro v6,0 2004 1998 259 US $ Engl. o normal o no Dim. PV-D-B-W no yes + S no no yes + o HOMER 2.2 beta 2005 1993 free Engl. + skilled + (3) PV-D-B-W-(+) yes yes + NASA link no yes yes + + +<br/><br/>Ger., French, Engl., Spain, Ital. + detailed F1 man. normal o PV-B PV-D-B yes yes + S no yes yes + o hour, day, week, month, year + normal o PV-B PV-D-B yes yes + S no no yes o o o hour, day, month, year +<br/><br/>high skilled no Dim. PV-D-B-W no yes no yes yes User-defined -<br/><br/>hour, day, week, hour, day, week, month, year month, year o +<br/><br/>(+ good/easy, 0 satisfactory, - sufficient/laborious, S shadowing analysis<br/>1) No separate manual, the tool should only be used in conjunction with the relevant Australian standards for off-grid-systems (AS 4509 Parts1, 2 &amp; 3 and AS 4086 Part 2) 2) PV = PV-generator; D = diesel-generator; B = batteries; W = wind generator; (+) =further energy sources, e- g. biogas, fuel cell 3) If several components of different sizes are entered, all the possible combinations are simulated and combination proposals are listed on the basis of their economic viability. 4) No component database available 5) PV module database is not extendable by the user D 25 Project: MSG DESIGN MANUAL CRESMED Responsible: S. POUFFARY Page 16/29 Date: 29/10/2008<br/><br/>Work Package : 7- Dissemination of MSG method<br/><br/><br/>6. Appliances choice The choice of advanced appliances regarding efficiency is crucial for a MSG implementation. A survey must be done in the targeted country in order to choice de best ones compromising efficiency / cost. Lifetime, availability of spare parts are also fundamental data. For a local survey, the specs of typical appliances for rural electrification are given hereafter.<br/>Nominal VOLTAGE (Volt) Nominal POWER (Watt) Energy Efficiency CLASS (A to G) A very efficient, G very inefficient (see photo below) D Typical daily Energy Needs (Wh/day) Average lifetime (year) Availability in the country (1 to 5) Average purchase cost (Euro) Spare parts Yearly availability operation &amp; in the maintenance country (1 cost (Euro) to 5) Rate of recycling (%) Recycling cost or income (Euro) Global Judgement (1 to 5)<br/><br/>CATEGORY<br/><br/>APPLIANCE NAME<br/><br/>Explanantions<br/><br/>Give the name or function (not the brand)<br/><br/>12V DC, 22O V AC, ...<br/><br/>7W, 150 W, ...<br/><br/>Spares Estimation 5 very low 5 very low (filter, if availability, availability, ballast, ...) For the Estimation Estimation applicable Estimation common use 1 very 1 very plus (0% no common common manpower if recycling) any 100 8 2 250 5 0 0 0<br/><br/>5 black cat, 1 recommend ed appliance 2<br/><br/>Example for leisure<br/><br/>B&amp;W TV<br/><br/>12 V DC<br/><br/>35<br/><br/>D 25 Project:<br/><br/>MSG DESIGN MANUAL CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: S. POUFFARY Page 17/29<br/><br/>Work Package : 7- Dissemination of MSG method<br/><br/><br/>7. Software tool for grid design I - Description of the tool This tool has been elaborated in order to simulate the behaviour of electric grids under steady state conditions To operate successfully an electric power system, certain physical or regulatory limitations must be respected: · · · voltage has to remain within the range for which the power system components were designed; current in the conductors must not exceed a maximum value to prevent over-heating; power produced by each of the distributed generation sources cannot overcome a given limit.<br/><br/>During the study phase, it is therefore important that the value of each of the power system components variables (voltage -V-, current -I-, active power -P- and reactive power -Q-) can be calculated from given or imposed assumptions, and checked to be sure that they are compatible with their characteristics, in order to guarantee the power quality and the reliability of the distribution to all the users. For that purpose, a software tool has been developed to undertake these steady-state calculations on a balanced, three-phase network. This could be a mesh network (like a transport network), or another type (such as a distribution network). This tool can be run completely autonomously. Both the models and the default values of the parameters were chosen with the aim of: · quick and easy understanding; · an appropriate balance between the user's needs in terms of accuracy in the simulation, and the information he has got, or can get hold of, on the power system and its components. In short, the program allows you to: · Enter a power system using a chart and a box of components. · The power system's construction is done by setting down electric symbols on a chart and linking them together using connections without impedance. · The characteristics of the different elements are then supplied using dialogue boxes. · Calculate the apportionment of power flows. · It is possible to simulate either a single operating point or a day divided into 24 hourly points. · Visualise the results. · The simulation results are shown directly on the chart: the voltage in each node, the currents in each line and the reactive power flows can be visualised or masked at the user's request. · In the case of a simulation over a 24-hour period, the results appear in the form of curves on a chart, but also show up in a result file in the form of tables giving the power, current and voltage for each component at each hour.<br/><br/>D 25 Project:<br/><br/>MSG DESIGN MANUAL CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: S. POUFFARY Page 18/29<br/><br/>Work Package : 7- Dissemination of MSG method<br/><br/><br/>Chart window showing power curves II - Renewable energy components: application to rural electrification 1 Wind farms All of the turbines installed on the farm are considered to be of the same type and subjected to the same wind. The user must supply the following parameters: the nominal power of one wind turbine, the number of turbines and the information allowing the reactive power produced or consumed to be calculated (an asynchronous machine directly connected to the power system or via a FACTS-type interface that allows reactive power to be set).<br/><br/>Wind farm / beginner user dialogue box<br/>D 25 Project: MSG DESIGN MANUAL CRESMED Responsible: S. POUFFARY Page 19/29 Date: 29/10/2008<br/><br/>Work Package : 7- Dissemination of MSG method<br/><br/><br/>The `EXPERT user' window allows the modification of parameters with default values: · The wind speed at turbine hub level for: start (V0), nominal power production (V1) and stop (V3) · The turbine hub's height above ground level · The coefficient of the terrain's ruggedness In cases where the reactive power is not monitored, the user defines: · · The reactive power consumed when idle The reactive power consumed when active production is nominal<br/><br/>Wind farm / expert user dialogue box The electric power curve according to wind power is shaped as follows:<br/><br/>Power<br/>By default V0 = 4 m/s V1 = 13 m/s V2 = 25 m/s Vo V1 V2<br/><br/>Wind speed<br/><br/>Power curve of a wind turbine The transition from the standard power curve to the wind power curve characterised by V0, V1 and V2 is made by homothety and translation of the standard curve.<br/>D 25 Project: MSG DESIGN MANUAL CRESMED Responsible: S. POUFFARY Page 20/29 Date: 29/10/2008<br/><br/>Work Package : 7- Dissemination of MSG method<br/><br/><br/>Nacelle height: By default, all nacelles at the wind reference level supplied in the meteorological data will be studied.<br/>Otherwise, there will be a conversion:<br/><br/> v(h) = v(h0) h  ,  being the coefficient of the terrain's ruggedness (typically between 0 and 0.4)  h0 <br/><br/><br/><br/>2 Photovoltaic arrays plus inverters<br/>This component simultaneously models a photovoltaic array and the three-phase inverter power system that allows it to inject the direct current power produced onto the alternative network. This inverter is presumed to be equipped with an MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracker). For the beginner user, there is only one item to enter: the peak power of the photovoltaic array.<br/><br/>Photovoltaic array / beginner user dialogue box In the `EXPERT user' window, it is possible to change the parameters with default values: · · · · · The NOCT (Normal Operating Cell Temperature) of the modules that make up the photovoltaic array. The coefficient of the power variation produced by the panels according to temperature. The tilt angle and the orientation of the modules The nominal power of the inverter. Its yield at two operating points: 10% and 100% of its nominal power.<br/><br/>D 25 Project:<br/><br/>MSG DESIGN MANUAL CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: S. POUFFARY Page 21/29<br/><br/>Work Package : 7- Dissemination of MSG method<br/><br/><br/>Photovoltaic array / expert user dialogue box<br/><br/>3 Batteries plus inverters<br/>This component models a battery storage unit (with a yield that depends on current and stateof-charge) and the inverter that makes the interface with the power system. The data to be supplied concern the battery itself (capacity, initial state-of-charge) and the inverter (nominal power, yield at two operating points and alternative voltage set value).<br/><br/>Battery dialogue box<br/>D 25 Project: MSG DESIGN MANUAL CRESMED Responsible: S. POUFFARY Page 22/29 Date: 29/10/2008<br/><br/>Work Package : 7- Dissemination of MSG method<br/><br/><br/>A further option, which might currently seem anecdotal since it is available for few autonomous inverters, is operation at steady-state (or `droop mode' as described in books). This is the equivalent of operating with set voltage-frequency and static's values for the active-frequency power and reactive-tension power settings.<br/>f (Hz) fo = 50 Hz U (V) Uo<br/><br/>P/Pn<br/><br/>Q/Qn<br/><br/>Figure 27: P/f and Q/V adjustments<br/><br/>4 Back-up generators<br/>Two types of operation are proposed: · · the generator that forms the grid: this is the balancing bus the generator that operates at fixed times and/or according to the state-of-charge of a battery connected to the same point for recharging.<br/><br/>In the first case, it is sufficient to indicate the set voltage value. In the second case, the parameters are: · · · · The active power generated. The operating time range. The SOC (state-of-charge) of starting. The SOC of stopping.<br/><br/>Comments: · · The rule for starting or stopping the back-up according to the battery's state-ofcharge takes precedence over the operating time range setting. The SOC is that of the batteries connected to the same node. Without a battery storage unit, the algorithm does not take into account the rule linked to the SOC<br/><br/>D 25 Project:<br/><br/>MSG DESIGN MANUAL CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: S. POUFFARY Page 23/29<br/><br/>Work Package : 7- Dissemination of MSG method<br/><br/><br/>8. Lessons learnt I ­ General considerations<br/>Managing Stand-alone installation generating electricity from different production processes, we started with the evaluation of the technical state of art and the geographical and social issue. We planned to produce electricity through an hybrid system which involves a photovoltaic and eolic generation groups and gensets managed by a control box. These are connected to the battery park, allowing for the stock of the over production. It could be used during the no-production period of the generation group. So that's no need to produce energy by the genset, linked with the control box. The first lesson learnt is concerning the structure of the generation/distribution system, that could permit: · Utilisation of several different and complementary energy sources · Fuel cost reduction · Less preventive maintenance routines per year · Increasing of the genset lifetime · Optimisation of the operating point for the genset (charge of the battery park with optimal power) · Lower operating and running costs · Increasing confidence on the generation/distribution system · Greenhouse gases mitigation The second step is to let the residents know: · What means to have got the electrification in their village. · What are the applications of this system · How they could manage the electrification Usually there is a &quot;power building&quot; where the village keeper could control the levels of production, consumption and the state of the battery park. In order to allow an household administration, we have to install a communication system that follow the wiring in any singular home. The second lesson learnt concerns the need of socio-economical use of the ICT to: · Allow a better use of the electrical resources · Increase energy production, distribution and consumption awareness in each citizen. · Learn the relationship between energy and money through the knowledge of the running system variables The attention posed to the design of such a system has been extended to every part of the system, including and highlighting the key role of the communication system in such a flux of information needed both for system function and the user interface in order to grant all the aspects pointed out previously. Basically, a big effort has been addressed to few main issues: · reliability<br/>D 25 Project: MSG DESIGN MANUAL CRESMED Responsible: S. POUFFARY Page 24/29 Date: 29/10/2008<br/><br/>Work Package : 7- Dissemination of MSG method<br/><br/><br/>· ·<br/><br/>user-friendliness effectiveness of the information exchanged<br/><br/>1 Reliability<br/>The very first point has been easily evaluated as critical to the success of the overall project. Due to the physical, and loosely speaking, the geographical aspects of the targeted areas, particular carefulness is required to come out with a system architecture able to face to the broad range of temperatures, the short availability of spare components, the lack of communication networks sufficiently reliable to grant remote control and monitoring. These and many others aspects have to be addressed in first stage to give the basic requirement of reliability to the system. The further points examined depend strongly on this issue.<br/><br/>2 User friendliness<br/>No matter how reliable your system is, nobody will use it if he can't understand what it can do for him. As already noted before, the communication system is a mean of providing useful information not only to the devices which are connected to the &quot;network&quot; but to the different users to which these information is worth. Local and remote interfaces provide these data by notifying the user with the information he needs and discriminating on his tasks. Different devices are used for assuring the village keeper as well as the common users themselves, have all the feed-back at sight. These means for example being aware of the status of charge, functionality of the generators, demand of energy from the village houses. Easily readable and understandable features are used to give the user right feeling in system use.<br/><br/>3 Effectiveness of the information exchanged<br/>A deep study of the communication solutions targeted the optimisation of the data flowing on the bus connecting the devices involved. Reduction of the traffic on the bus and avoidance of repeated messages have a way increased the efficiency of the communication increasing the scalability of the system itself with no need of hardware changes.<br/><br/>II - Successful outcomes and common barriers<br/>After the analysis of case studies of the Mediterranean experience in the MSG implementation (Spain, Morocco and Palestine), we have sorted out the following information as lessons learned<br/><br/>1 Successful outcomes<br/>· Technical performance of the PV-systems is good, enlarged lifetime of battery expected because of generally high SOC by good energy management. This is also due to a low consumption rate as the systems are in many cases designed for future prevision of users estimated by the municipalities and so, are not completely used until now. Energy service with PV-hybrids is evaluated as good, the energy dispenser is well accepted by users and considered as a very necessary and useful device. Social acceptance of this technology is highly favoured by clear contractual framework and adapted tariff systems based on EDA and a flat fee. The energy guarantee is especially well accepted by the users.<br/>MSG DESIGN MANUAL CRESMED Responsible: S. POUFFARY Page 25/29 Date: 29/10/2008<br/><br/>· ·<br/><br/>D 25 Project:<br/><br/>Work Package : 7- Dissemination of MSG method<br/><br/><br/>·<br/><br/>·<br/><br/>·<br/><br/>The energy demand assured to the users has been met for most users and in many cases exceeded, especially in the summer months. This is to be expected since the systems are designed for the month with the worst irradiation. Winter data is inconclusive since very little data was available; however in two cases the solar energy produced was lower than the EDA. The adjustment of the users' energy consumption when more energy is available due to excess irradiation and when changing from summer to winter shows that awareness exists that they must adapt to the environmental conditions. The user participation in the load management of the system by adapting their consumption, saving energy and monitoring important indicators such as the battery SOC is very high. The users are very aware that there are limits to the system and act accordingly by either reducing consumption, igniting the gen-set or using large consumers only at mid-day. The main factor for this high rate of participation is the remote display, which was mentioned by most users as a very simple and clear tool to do monitoring. Even if the level of formal training is not high, there has been success in the knowledge transfer of the basic elements of interacting with the system. Global best practice methodology could be developed for minimizing the risk in the project set-up phase and for flawless operation and maintenance scheme implementation. For this purpose in the scope of the MSG-project a set of tools were developed dealing mainly with the social aspects and communication in the planning phase, the decisive phase for viability of system operation and also crucial form the economical point of view.<br/><br/>2 Barriers encountered<br/>· Difficult co-financing as normally rural users don't have sufficient income to finance the installation. So, public funds have to be raised depending on the regional context. This is not always easy and if there is not an average of 75% financing from public institutions rural electrification (conventional as well as PV stand alone) is difficult. Sometimes the legal framework does not allow the implementation of the energy service company out of the frame of the national or local electricity utility. Most failures that do occur are electronic ones, such as a damaged power stage of the inverter or a problem with the controller itself Extensive social work is indispensable for long-term sustainability of the service. The main difficulty in the design phase is to deal with complex socio-economic situations and the communication to the future users explaining them the features of this electrical service and its implications. A lack of integrated planning tools makes it difficult to easily assess the system design as too many factors have to be taken into account in these complex socio-technical systems. The conventional tools just offer technical or sometimes economical optimisation, normally only to be used by highly experienced experts.<br/><br/>· · ·<br/><br/>·<br/><br/>D 25 Project:<br/><br/>MSG DESIGN MANUAL CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: S. POUFFARY Page 26/29<br/><br/>Work Package : 7- Dissemination of MSG method<br/><br/><br/>3 Strengths and Weakness Profile<br/>The previous evaluation clearly indicates where the strengths and weaknesses of the rural electrification program lie. These are shown in the following table.<br/><br/>Strengths Monitoring Tools<br/><br/>Comment The remote display gives a clear and simple indication of the most important parameters. The basic maintenance program creates a sense of responsibility and encourages involvement of the user. High Level of The users show a high level of awareness and consciousness about Awareness the limits of the installation and their influence on the operation. Protection The energy management system reduces user related damage to components caused by manipulation or excess consumption. Performance The systems have a high efficiency and produce the guaranteed energy contracted to the user. Reliability The system's components have a long lifetime and low failure rate, which keep costs down and user satisfaction high. Weaknesses Comment Corrective A lack of quality standards for the corrective maintenance leads to a Maintenance large variation in the quality of repairs and as a result a variation in the user satisfaction. Clarity of A lack of clarity in the composition of the fees, in the ownership of Communication the system and the preventative maintenance interval leads to dissatisfaction with the service, the administration and the monthly fee. Training Lack of consistency in the completion and form of the user training leads to misconceptions, doubts and preoccupation by the user. Demand Large discrepancies between the user's actual loads and those Estimation estimated in the design phase can lead to dissatisfaction with the installation in the future since the user's needs aren't met.<br/><br/>D 25 Project:<br/><br/>MSG DESIGN MANUAL CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: S. POUFFARY Page 27/29<br/><br/>Work Package : 7- Dissemination of MSG method<br/><br/><br/>9. Conclusion<br/>It is absolutely necessary to study, learn and take into account all the experience gained by implementing of the installation and also the operation of the past MSG projects since now, in order to avoid mistakes and improve the solution. The implementation of a MSG Project needs to deal with all the factors which are relevant for the well running and operation of the system (technical, economical, social and management).<br/><br/>I - Financial and organizational aspects<br/>One important part of the operation and management scheme is to be sure that the users are paying well and on time in order to cover the expenses of O&amp;M. This is the role of the local entity designed to assure the well running of the system, thanks to the payment of the users and external subsidies if exist. It is also necessary to establish a relation based on contracts between the users and the management entity; also with any other entity involved in the operation of the installation (external technician for corrective maintenance, etc). It is interesting to note that this management, also called energy service entity, could be used to organize other type of service for basic needs, as water service. Concerning the tariff, the decision recommended is to establish flat tariffs according to energy availability segments, since most of the costs of operation and maintenance are fixed. As an example, the case studies realized in the Mediterranean area learn illustrate this issue: Tariff = Fix cost + Cost per kWh * Energy Available ­ Cross subsidy (for lower tariffs). The fix costs components are for transaction costs and are accounted equally for all users. Variable costs are used to pay for the replacement of batteries and power conditioning equipment. As for cross-subsidies, the criteria to calculate them are that an affordable monthly tariff for electricity is at most a 5% of the monthly income. The tariffs established for different projects in the targeted area are shown in next table:<br/><br/>Daily Energy availability Very low Up to 275 usage Wh Low usage Up to 550 Wh Medium (1) Up to 1100 usage Wh Medium (2) Up to 1650 usage Wh High usage Up to 2200 Wh Segment<br/><br/>Tariffs (in ) Bni Said Akane (Morocco) (Morocco) 5.9 (4.55 + 0.46*8 4.55 25) 11.82 (4.55+ 6.07 0.46*17) 22.73 (4.55 fix + 9.11 0.46*3.64) 22.73 (4.55 fix + 12.15 0.46*3.64)<br/>15.19<br/><br/>Atuf (Palestine)<br/>8.04 11.02 14.01 16.99<br/><br/>For the substitution or the purchase of efficient devices, due to the low capacity of payment of the users and also the high cost of these devices, it would be recommended to include them in the initial investment cost or organize a system of renting which could allow a progressive payment by the users. This renting system could be integrated in the general management or<br/>D 25 Project: MSG DESIGN MANUAL CRESMED Responsible: S. POUFFARY Page 28/29 Date: 29/10/2008<br/><br/>Work Package : 7- Dissemination of MSG method<br/><br/><br/>be independent. In any case, this issue has to be explored and studied more deeply in each case to fix the fees of the different devices.<br/><br/>II - Technical characteristics<br/>It is important to foresee a redundancy in the generation part (presence of genset, etc) in case of failure of the system and also spare parts for the power conditioning unit. The use of a modular power conditioning unit based on removable cards is an advantage. In the MSG concept, one fundamental idea is the limitation of the consumption and the efficient use of the energy. The first point can be solved using a device limiting power and energy for each user in order to share on an equal way the limited resources. The limitation of power will allow the reduction of the size of the inverter and the limitation of energy the size of the PV array and the battery. These measures must be followed by the promotion of the efficient use of the energy and the demand side management in order to maintain the same level and quality of service.<br/><br/>III - Design of the installation<br/>In order to realize a correct estimation of the demand and then design the installation according to the needs, it is necessary to take into account not only the factor of simultaneity of the power but also the factor of efficient use of the energy, which is the efficiency of the devices used by the users. For the estimation of the energy needs, the ability and willingness to pay are two crucial factors.<br/><br/>IV - Maintenance<br/>As we have mentioned, the implementation of an entity in charge of the operation and maintenance is a must. The long life of the equipments will depend of the efficiency of this structure as well as the proper management to assure long term sustainability. It is important to foresee the way of dealing quickly with the failures on the long term, using for instance additional contracts with professional experts for the corrective maintenance and the exchange of spare parts.<br/><br/>V - Parameters of evaluation and assessment of the operation<br/>In order to evaluate and follow the installation and its operation, it is recommended to develop some indicators. The target issues are: the quality of the service, the satisfaction of the users and the performance of the system. These indicators have to be simple: simple in their way of implementation and also of interpretation. This will also help to anticipate possible failure and then be more reactive when a problem occurs.<br/><br/>VI - Social aspects<br/>The most critical issue is the social cohesion. That is why it is recommended to work in this way, promoting the social cohesion between the users and studying the way to implement the most suitable management model for the community. One possibility is to take benefit of existing social structure within the community like committee or association, in order to manage the MSG.<br/>D 25 Project: MSG DESIGN MANUAL CRESMED Responsible: S. POUFFARY Page 29/29 Date: 29/10/2008<br/><br/>Work Package : 7- Dissemination of MSG method