Project N° 015286<br/><br/>CRESMED<br/>Cost efficient and reliable Rural Electrification Schemes for south Mediterranean countries based on multi user solar hybrid grids<br/><br/>STREP<br/><br/>Integrating and Strengthening the European Research Area<br/><br/>D22 - MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES<br/>Due date of Deliverable: December 2007 Actual submission date: February 2008 Start date of the project: January 1st 2006<br/><br/>Duration: 42 Months<br/><br/>Organisation name of leader contractor for this deliverable: Transénergie Contributors: ADEME, TTA, CDER Marocco, CDER Algeria, NERC, LSES Revision 1<br/>Project co-funded by the European Commission within the Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) Dissemination Level PU Public PU PP Restricted to other programme participants (including the Commission Services) RE Restricted to a group specified by the consortium (including the Commission Services) CO Confidential, only for members of the consortium (including the Commission Services)<br/><br/><br/>Contract 015286 (INCO) - CRESMED Document: D 22 ­ MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES WP 5 Task 5.5 Final use-CO Description: Guideline for hybrid system rural electrification Language English Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie - France) Revised by: Khaled DAOUD (NERC ­ Jordan)<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/08<br/><br/>Version 1 Level: WD Nº pages: 58<br/><br/>Author: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie) Schemes : Fabienne ANGUENOT (Transénergie) Date: 31/01/08 Comments: OK<br/><br/>D22 - MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES<br/><br/>D 22 Project:<br/><br/>MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL Page 2/58<br/><br/>Work Package : 5- Development of MSG Design and Implementation method<br/><br/><br/>Contract 015286 (INCO) - CRESMED Document: D 22 ­ MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES WP 5 Task 5.5 Final use-CO Description: Guideline for hybrid system rural electrification Language English Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie - France) Revised by: Khaled DAOUD (NERC ­ Jordan)<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/08<br/><br/>Version 1 Level: WD Nº pages: 58<br/><br/>Author: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie) Schemes : Fabienne ANGUENOT (Transénergie) Date: 31/01/08 Comments: OK<br/><br/>0. Index 0. 1. 2. Index .............................................................................................................................. 3 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 5 MSG with centralised hybrid system............................................................................. 7 I ­ Architecture..................................................................................................................... 7 II ­ Characteristics of the equipment............................................................................... 10 III ­ Conditions of exploitation ......................................................................................... 11 IV ­ Costs ............................................................................................................................ 12 VII - Applications ............................................................................................................... 13 3. MSG with decentralised hybrid system....................................................................... 14 I ­ Architecture................................................................................................................... 14 II ­ Characteristics of the equipment............................................................................... 19 III ­ Exploitation conditions.............................................................................................. 20 IV ­ Costs ............................................................................................................................ 21 VII - Applications ............................................................................................................... 23 4. Existing hybrid system design software...................................................................... 24 I - Introduction ................................................................................................................... 24 II - Overview of dimensioning and simulation programmes for hybrid PV systems .. 25 III - PV-SPS (Version 2.0) ................................................................................................. 27 IV - RETScreen (Version 3.2) ........................................................................................... 28 V - PV-SOL Professional (Version 2.6 R5) ...................................................................... 28 VI - PVSYST (Version 3.41).............................................................................................. 28 VII - Hybrid2 (Version 1.3c R3) ....................................................................................... 29 VIII - PV DesignPro (Version 6.0).................................................................................... 29 IX - HOMER (Version 2.2 beta) ....................................................................................... 30 X - Summary....................................................................................................................... 30 XI - References ................................................................................................................... 30 5. Daily load profiles in targeted countries .................................................................... 31 I - Algeria ............................................................................................................................ 31 II - Jordan ........................................................................................................................... 31 III - Morocco....................................................................................................................... 32<br/>D 22 Project: MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES CRESMED Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL Page 3/58 Date: 29/10/2008<br/><br/>Work Package : 5- Development of MSG Design and Implementation method<br/><br/><br/>Contract 015286 (INCO) - CRESMED Document: D 22 ­ MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES WP 5 Task 5.5 Final use-CO Description: Guideline for hybrid system rural electrification Language English Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie - France) Revised by: Khaled DAOUD (NERC ­ Jordan)<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/08<br/><br/>Version 1 Level: WD Nº pages: 58<br/><br/>Author: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie) Schemes : Fabienne ANGUENOT (Transénergie) Date: 31/01/08 Comments: OK<br/><br/>IV ­ Lebanon ...................................................................................................................... 32 6. Appliances list in targeted countries........................................................................... 33 I ­ Algeria &amp; Morroco ....................................................................................................... 34 II - Jordan ........................................................................................................................... 36 IV - Lebanon ....................................................................................................................... 38 7. Software tool for grid design....................................................................................... 39 I - Description of the tool ................................................................................................... 39 II - Renewable energy components: application to rural electrification....................... 41 III - Availability of the software........................................................................................ 47 8. Main specs for micro-grids ......................................................................................... 48 I - Introduction ................................................................................................................... 48 II - Methodology ................................................................................................................. 48 III - Basic specifications for a mini-grid........................................................................... 49 IV - Design issues................................................................................................................ 49 9. Lessons learnt .............................................................................................................. 52 I ­ General considerations................................................................................................. 52 II - Successful outcomes and common barriers............................................................... 53 10. Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 56 I - Financial and organizational aspects........................................................................... 56 II - Technical characteristics............................................................................................. 57 III - Design of the installation............................................................................................ 57 IV - Maintenance................................................................................................................ 57 V - Parameters of evaluation and assessment of the operation...................................... 57 VI - Social aspects............................................................................................................... 58<br/><br/>D 22 Project:<br/><br/>MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL Page 4/58<br/><br/>Work Package : 5- Development of MSG Design and Implementation method<br/><br/><br/>Contract 015286 (INCO) - CRESMED Document: D 22 ­ MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES WP 5 Task 5.5 Final use-CO Description: Guideline for hybrid system rural electrification Language English Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie - France) Revised by: Khaled DAOUD (NERC ­ Jordan)<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/08<br/><br/>Version 1 Level: WD Nº pages: 58<br/><br/>Author: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie) Schemes : Fabienne ANGUENOT (Transénergie) Date: 31/01/08 Comments: OK<br/><br/>1. Introduction Rural electrification of remote villages is done more than often with gensets. This solution with medium investment faces many problems like: · · · · · · · · · Obligation to have a second one for a continuous service 24 hours per day and during preventive or curative maintenance routines Important consumption of fuel with a permanent increasing price Operation and maintenance with qualified staff High maintenance and operating cost with often no provisional budget and cash or spare parts availability Limited lifetime (roughly 20 000 hours for a genset or 2 to 3 years of permanent service) Environmental impact, noise, smoke, greenhouse gases emission Bad operating point for the genset due to power fluctuations Fuel transport difficulties if bad access (pirogue, plane ...) Etc<br/><br/>Autonomous photovoltaic systems bring solutions to these troubles. Nevertheless, they need an important investment and are oversized a large part of the year. It is true that, for a permanent service all the year, the sizing is done for the worst month where the ratio consumption / irradiation is the higher one, which means for a constant load profile the worst month regarding irradiation. Consequently, in one hand, the photovoltaic array is oversized for all the other months with important production losses. In the other hand batteries park is sized for 3 or 10 days of autonomy function of the site location. Hybrid systems described hereafter use gensets, batteries parks, photovoltaic arrays and/or windmills. In the photovoltaic case, the array must be sized for the month where the ratio consumption / irradiation is the lower one, which means for a constant load profile the best month regarding irradiation. During the other months, the deficit is balanced by the genset. Consequently, batteries park is sized for two or four days of autonomy Hybrid systems are a compromise between the permanent utilisation of a stand alone genset and the utilisation of a stand alone photovoltaic system. Advantages are the following: · · · · ·<br/>D 22 Project:<br/><br/>Utilisation of two (or three) different and complementary energy sources permitting a better service continuity Better use of the solar energy Fuel cost reduction Less preventive maintenance routines per year Increasing of the genset lifetime<br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL Page 5/58<br/><br/>MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES CRESMED<br/><br/>Work Package : 5- Development of MSG Design and Implementation method<br/><br/><br/>Contract 015286 (INCO) - CRESMED Document: D 22 ­ MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES WP 5 Task 5.5 Final use-CO Description: Guideline for hybrid system rural electrification Language English Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie - France) Revised by: Khaled DAOUD (NERC ­ Jordan)<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/08<br/><br/>Version 1 Level: WD Nº pages: 58<br/><br/>Author: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie) Schemes : Fabienne ANGUENOT (Transénergie) Date: 31/01/08 Comments: OK<br/><br/>· · ·<br/><br/>Optimisation of the operating point for the genset (charge of the battery park with optimal power) Lower operating and running costs Greenhouse gases mitigation<br/><br/>In addition, a hybrid system is able to face an increasing of energy consumption, thanks to the operating duration of the genset. In order to have an optimal design of hybrid systems, the study of energy sources association or architecture is capital. This manual introduced the main configurations for centralised and decentralised hybrid systems. For each case the principle, equipment characteristics, operating conditions, investment, running costs, lessons learnt, advantages, constraints and possible applications are described hereafter.<br/><br/>D 22 Project:<br/><br/>MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL Page 6/58<br/><br/>Work Package : 5- Development of MSG Design and Implementation method<br/><br/><br/>Contract 015286 (INCO) - CRESMED Document: D 22 ­ MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES WP 5 Task 5.5 Final use-CO Description: Guideline for hybrid system rural electrification Language English Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie - France) Revised by: Khaled DAOUD (NERC ­ Jordan)<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/08<br/><br/>Version 1 Level: WD Nº pages: 58<br/><br/>Author: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie) Schemes : Fabienne ANGUENOT (Transénergie) Date: 31/01/08 Comments: OK<br/><br/>2. MSG with centralised hybrid system I ­ Architecture A centralised hybrid system is a system of centralised production of electricity constituted by different complementary energy sources: · One is a renewable energy sources (photovoltaic, windmill or both) using local resources (sun irradiation and/or wind speed) · One is generally a common genset for extra contribution facing climate fluctuations or erratic increasing of daily consumption. Two configurations are possible: · Hybrid power station with separated inverter and charger · Hybrid power station with reversible inverter 1 - Hybrid system with separated inverter and charger This hybrid system is designed with a photovoltaic (PV) array and/or wind power system plus a genset insuring periodically an electricity production complement or back up if there is an irradiation deficit. The global synoptic is given hereafter:<br/><br/>D 22 Project:<br/><br/>MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL Page 7/58<br/><br/>Work Package : 5- Development of MSG Design and Implementation method<br/><br/><br/>Contract 015286 (INCO) - CRESMED Document: D 22 ­ MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES WP 5 Task 5.5 Final use-CO Description: Guideline for hybrid system rural electrification Language English Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie - France) Revised by: Khaled DAOUD (NERC ­ Jordan)<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/08<br/><br/>Version 1 Level: WD Nº pages: 58<br/><br/>Author: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie) Schemes : Fabienne ANGUENOT (Transénergie) Date: 31/01/08 Comments: OK<br/><br/>During daytime, the PV array produces Direct current (DC) at a nominal voltage from 48V to 440 V function of the power. Battery stores the excess of energy produced and can distribute it to the grid thanks to the inverter. Daily consumption is generally more important that solar production, so, PV array or wind mill supplies the totality of its producible energy function of the irradiation. The genset runs automatically, it can be periodically (i.e. 2 hours every three days) or controlled by a monitored data (i.e. the voltage of the battery), or both. In the normal way, genset runs in order to charge the batteries trough the charger. The genset stops automatically when batteries reach a good value of state of charge; it permits to protect batteries again deep state of discharge. The daily running time of the genset depends directly of: · Daily irradiation level · Daily consumption Due to the application and the power level, the distribution is done in alternative current (AC) under the local common voltage (110V, 220V) The distributed energy is done under one or three phases, function of the global power and the length of the lines. The final households' connection is in derivation from the main lines (radial network).<br/><br/>D 22 Project:<br/><br/>MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL Page 8/58<br/><br/>Work Package : 5- Development of MSG Design and Implementation method<br/><br/><br/>Contract 015286 (INCO) - CRESMED Document: D 22 ­ MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES WP 5 Task 5.5 Final use-CO Description: Guideline for hybrid system rural electrification Language English Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie - France) Revised by: Khaled DAOUD (NERC ­ Jordan)<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/08<br/><br/>Version 1 Level: WD Nº pages: 58<br/><br/>Author: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie) Schemes : Fabienne ANGUENOT (Transénergie) Date: 31/01/08 Comments: OK<br/><br/>2 Hybrid system with reversible inverter This type of system is quite the same than the former one. The essential difference is the cluster of the charger and inverter in the same device called reversible inverter. The synoptic is given hereafter:<br/><br/>This configuration is recent, because et the time being, powerful reversible inverters are available on the market; it was not the case a few years ago. Nevertheless, this solution presents some advantages: · · · · · In case of peak of power from the grid superior to the nominal power of the inverter, the genset can run automatically in parallel, feeds the grid and eventually charges the batteries if necessary. The global energetic yield of the system is better The cost of a reversible inverter is lower than the cost of a charger plus an inverter Simplification of the wiring Insurance of compatibility<br/><br/>D 22 Project:<br/><br/>MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL Page 9/58<br/><br/>Work Package : 5- Development of MSG Design and Implementation method<br/><br/><br/>Contract 015286 (INCO) - CRESMED Document: D 22 ­ MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES WP 5 Task 5.5 Final use-CO Description: Guideline for hybrid system rural electrification Language English Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie - France) Revised by: Khaled DAOUD (NERC ­ Jordan)<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/08<br/><br/>Version 1 Level: WD Nº pages: 58<br/><br/>Author: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie) Schemes : Fabienne ANGUENOT (Transénergie) Date: 31/01/08 Comments: OK<br/><br/>II ­ Characteristics of the equipment 1 ­ Composition The electricity power supply is set up with common devices available on the market: · · · · · PV array or wind turbine: from 5kW to 100 kW made by standard modules (50 Wp to 180 Wp each) Lead acid or gel batteries with positive tubular electrodes with a nominal voltage between 48 V to 440 V set up individual elements of 2 V each; the capacity is function of the autonomy needs Inverter, 2 to 20 kVA single phase, 10 to 100 kVA three phases Charger (if no reversible inverter), power function of the battery capacity and voltage Genset, generally Diesel, between 10 to 30 kVA single phase and 30 to 200 kVA three phases distribution<br/><br/>A technical shelter is needed for the genset, electrical cabinets and batteries The grid for electricity distribution can be aerial or underground, with protection equipments for persons and goods based on transmitted power. On the consumption side, the utilisation of low consumption equipment is mandatory, avoiding large production generators and losses, optimising the consumed energy: · · · · Low consumption lamps (tube or compact with a good power factor) Audiovisual devices without stand by mode High class consumption fridges (B, A, A+) Energy counters with low internal consumption (with or without prepayment systems)<br/><br/>2 ­ Performances Energetic performances of hybrid generators depend of the irradiation and the daily average running time of the genset. Typically, with a daily average running time of a few hours per day for the genset, the daily energy available is between 10 to 500 kWh per day for the whole users with a maximum of power between 5 to 100 kW. Specific software or freeware optimise the size of each component in order to reduce the investments and running costs. The sizing of a hybrid system must be systematically studied with, as the starting point de daily energy needs and their possible evolution function sometime of the season.<br/>D 22 Project: MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES CRESMED Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL Page 10/58 Date: 29/10/2008<br/><br/>Work Package : 5- Development of MSG Design and Implementation method<br/><br/><br/>Contract 015286 (INCO) - CRESMED Document: D 22 ­ MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES WP 5 Task 5.5 Final use-CO Description: Guideline for hybrid system rural electrification Language English Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie - France) Revised by: Khaled DAOUD (NERC ­ Jordan)<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/08<br/><br/>Version 1 Level: WD Nº pages: 58<br/><br/>Author: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie) Schemes : Fabienne ANGUENOT (Transénergie) Date: 31/01/08 Comments: OK<br/><br/>Local irradiation, fuel costs, manpower cost are also predominant keys parameters. As an example, the table below shows some indicative results of sizing Daily energy needs<br/><br/>20 to 30 kWh<br/><br/>60 to 80 kWh 20 kW 240 V 1000 Ah 20 kVA 230 V mono or 400 V tri 16 kW 66 A 40 kVA 230/400 V tri Medium village<br/><br/>150 to 250 kWh 300 to 400 kWh 50 kW 240 V 2100 Ah 50 kVA 230/400 V tri 40 kW 160 A 100 kVA 230/400 V tri Large village 100 kW 440 V 1800 Ah 100 kVA 230/400 V tri 80 kW 180 A 200 kVA 230/400 V tri Large village with economical activities<br/><br/>6 kW PV array or windmill 120 V PV nominal voltage DC Battery capacity 1000 Ah (C120) 5 kVA Inverter power and output 230 V mono voltage 4 kW Charger power 33 A Charger I max 9 kVA Genset power 230 V mono and voltage Small village Application<br/><br/>III ­ Conditions of exploitation 1 ­ Implementation The implantation of hybrid systems is quite simple with the utilisation of normalised devices adapted for the use conditions and respect of the rules of the art in electricity and PV or wind turbine applications. The main issues are: · · · · · For the PV array, concrete basement and civil work are necessary for a good fixation of the array structures receiving the modules For the wind turbine, concrete basement and cables if necessary For the genset, generally well known component in remote area an adapted shelter with aeration for the exhausts but with a good protection against rain falls can be done with local methods and materials Installation and wiring of electrical devices must be done in accordance with common electrical rules by qualified staff The grid implementation follows the ordinary rules, even if sometimes specs can be lighter than in town for example<br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL Page 11/58<br/><br/>D 22 Project:<br/><br/>MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES CRESMED<br/><br/>Work Package : 5- Development of MSG Design and Implementation method<br/><br/><br/>Contract 015286 (INCO) - CRESMED Document: D 22 ­ MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES WP 5 Task 5.5 Final use-CO Description: Guideline for hybrid system rural electrification Language English Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie - France) Revised by: Khaled DAOUD (NERC ­ Jordan)<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/08<br/><br/>Version 1 Level: WD Nº pages: 58<br/><br/>Author: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie) Schemes : Fabienne ANGUENOT (Transénergie) Date: 31/01/08 Comments: OK<br/><br/>2 - Operation and maintenance Operation and maintenance is quite simple but very often the weak point of the system due to lack of money or know how if there is not sufficient information and training. In general, two a three times a year (except for the genset) the following tasks must be realised: · · · · · For the PV array, cleaning of the modules and the area (high grass, trees), wiring and structure control For the wind power system, refer to maintenance guidelines At the battery level, electrolyte level control and distilled water addition if necessary (in case of open batteries), boost charge, control of the wiring At the genset level, preventive maintenance routines (oil, filters), oil sewage every 250 hours and of course fill in of the fuel tank At the global level, a supervision system (monitoring, datalogging) must permit a deep analysis of the power supply and consumption and can detect or prevent failures.<br/><br/>With a correct and efficient operation and maintenance organisation, components lifetimes can be the following: · · · · · Batteries lifetime can be estimated around 5 to 7 years Windmill lifetime can be estimated between 10 and 15 years Genset can reach around 20 years with an average daily running time of 2 hours. PV array and structures can run during 25 or 30 years. Charger and inverter, it depends of the quality and technology but a lifetime between 5 to 10 years can be expected. IV ­ Costs 1 - Investment costs Investment costs for a centralised hybrid system can be split in various categories: · · · · · · · The PV array (structure and modules) and/or the wind turbine Batteries Genset Energy converters (inverter, charger) Technical shelter and civil work The distribution grid The in-house electrical equipments (counter, protection, appliances ...)<br/><br/>The costs are of course function of the chosen equipment and its specs. Roughly prices are given hereafter.<br/>D 22 Project: MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES CRESMED Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL Page 12/58 Date: 29/10/2008<br/><br/>Work Package : 5- Development of MSG Design and Implementation method<br/><br/><br/>Contract 015286 (INCO) - CRESMED Document: D 22 ­ MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES WP 5 Task 5.5 Final use-CO Description: Guideline for hybrid system rural electrification Language English Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie - France) Revised by: Khaled DAOUD (NERC ­ Jordan)<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/08<br/><br/>Version 1 Level: WD Nº pages: 58<br/><br/>Author: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie) Schemes : Fabienne ANGUENOT (Transénergie) Date: 31/01/08 Comments: OK<br/><br/>PV array Batteries Wind mill Genset Energy converter Regulation, monitoring, protection<br/><br/>3,5 to 5 Euro / Wp 0,1 Euro / Wh 1 to 4 Euro / W 0,2 to 1 Euro / VA 0,5 to 3 Euro / VA 0,4 to 1 Euro / Wp<br/><br/>Beware due to the country policy sometimes there ere taxes in addition or subtraction (VAT, customs). Installation and transportation are not included because very different from a site to another one. For the grid and civil work the cost is also function of the location plus the cost of raw material like copper or cement. In addition, sometimes the grid still exists, fed by an old genset running a few hours per day or per week. 2 - Running costs The running costs are essentially: · · · · · The genset fuel and consumables for the preventive maintenance (low in the case of a hybrid system running some hours per weeks The staff costs regarding preventive maintenance of the various items Some spare parts for curative maintenance (relay, IGBT ...) Battery cost replacement every 5 or 10 years (a yearly saving is needed) Wind turbine preventive maintenance<br/><br/>The hybrid system design has to consider these running costs for at least 20 years, these costs must be actualised periodically function of the country, the site location and the economical context. Roughly we can estimate the running costs (without battery replacement) are around 2% of the investment costs. VII - Applications A centralised hybrid system can be implemented if the village is quite compact without spread households. Energy needs must be reasonable for people and economical activity.<br/><br/>D 22 Project:<br/><br/>MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL Page 13/58<br/><br/>Work Package : 5- Development of MSG Design and Implementation method<br/><br/><br/>Contract 015286 (INCO) - CRESMED Document: D 22 ­ MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES WP 5 Task 5.5 Final use-CO Description: Guideline for hybrid system rural electrification Language English Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie - France) Revised by: Khaled DAOUD (NERC ­ Jordan)<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/08<br/><br/>Version 1 Level: WD Nº pages: 58<br/><br/>Author: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie) Schemes : Fabienne ANGUENOT (Transénergie) Date: 31/01/08 Comments: OK<br/><br/>Awareness of the users regarding renewable energy use must be important and the social organisation reliable. 3. MSG with decentralised hybrid system I ­ Architecture A decentralised hybrid system is a system of decentralised production of electricity 24 hours per day constituted by different complementary energy sources: · · One is a renewable energy sources generally photovoltaic using local resources dispatched in various households or buildings One is generally a collective common genset for extra contribution facing climate fluctuations or erratic increasing of daily consumption.<br/><br/>Three configurations are possible: · · · Hybrid power system feeding the grid temporarily (but with permanent service for users) Hybrid power system feeding the grid continuously Hybrid system within mini grid fed permanently with produced energy mutualisation<br/><br/>D 22 Project:<br/><br/>MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL Page 14/58<br/><br/>Work Package : 5- Development of MSG Design and Implementation method<br/><br/><br/>Contract 015286 (INCO) - CRESMED Document: D 22 ­ MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES WP 5 Task 5.5 Final use-CO Description: Guideline for hybrid system rural electrification Language English Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie - France) Revised by: Khaled DAOUD (NERC ­ Jordan)<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/08<br/><br/>Version 1 Level: WD Nº pages: 58<br/><br/>Author: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie) Schemes : Fabienne ANGUENOT (Transénergie) Date: 31/01/08 Comments: OK<br/><br/>1 ­ Hybrid system with mini grid fed temporarily Synoptic<br/><br/>Principle The hybrid system is composed by many individual photovoltaic (PV) generators (or small DC wind turbines) and a collective electrical grid fed only by a genset some hours per day. Each individual generator is sized in order to insure autonomously basic electrical needs as: · Lighting · Audiovisual devices · Refrigeration · Small household appliances (mixer ...) During daytime, individual system produces DC current (generally under 24V). Batteries store the PV produced energy and feed the appliances in DC (24V) or AC (240V) trough an inverter. In case of battery deep discharge, a charger can feeds the batteries during the running hours of the genset.<br/><br/>D 22 Project:<br/><br/>MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL Page 15/58<br/><br/>Work Package : 5- Development of MSG Design and Implementation method<br/><br/><br/>Contract 015286 (INCO) - CRESMED Document: D 22 ­ MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES WP 5 Task 5.5 Final use-CO Description: Guideline for hybrid system rural electrification Language English Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie - France) Revised by: Khaled DAOUD (NERC ­ Jordan)<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/08<br/><br/>Version 1 Level: WD Nº pages: 58<br/><br/>Author: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie) Schemes : Fabienne ANGUENOT (Transénergie) Date: 31/01/08 Comments: OK<br/><br/>In order to satisfy power needs, a specific network in AC current is existing feed by the genset only when it is running. The running time is directly linked to the needs for this specific network for powerful appliances applications (i.e. washing machine). The distributed energy is done under one or three phases, function of the global power and the length of the lines. The final households' connection is in derivation from the main lines (radial network).<br/><br/>D 22 Project:<br/><br/>MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL Page 16/58<br/><br/>Work Package : 5- Development of MSG Design and Implementation method<br/><br/><br/>Contract 015286 (INCO) - CRESMED Document: D 22 ­ MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES WP 5 Task 5.5 Final use-CO Description: Guideline for hybrid system rural electrification Language English Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie - France) Revised by: Khaled DAOUD (NERC ­ Jordan)<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/08<br/><br/>Version 1 Level: WD Nº pages: 58<br/><br/>Author: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie) Schemes : Fabienne ANGUENOT (Transénergie) Date: 31/01/08 Comments: OK<br/><br/>2 ­ Hybrid system with mini grid fed permanently Synoptic<br/><br/>Principle The principle is quite the same that the previous one. The difference is the grid is fed permanently by a centralised, powerful and reversible inverter. This one is supplied by batteries charged periodically by the genset<br/><br/>D 22 Project:<br/><br/>MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL Page 17/58<br/><br/>Work Package : 5- Development of MSG Design and Implementation method<br/><br/><br/>Contract 015286 (INCO) - CRESMED Document: D 22 ­ MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES WP 5 Task 5.5 Final use-CO Description: Guideline for hybrid system rural electrification Language English Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie - France) Revised by: Khaled DAOUD (NERC ­ Jordan)<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/08<br/><br/>Version 1 Level: WD Nº pages: 58<br/><br/>Author: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie) Schemes : Fabienne ANGUENOT (Transénergie) Date: 31/01/08 Comments: OK<br/><br/>3 ­ Hybrid system with mini grid fed permanently with produced energy mutualisation Synoptic<br/><br/>Principle The main difference with the former described decentralised systems is that individual PV or wind turbine generators can feed the collective grid. So, if in a household the battery is full and the needs lower than individual production, the excess of energy will feed the grid for another user, collective applications or will charge the collective batteries. The genset has two roles: · · To charge the batteries in case of low irradiation combined with high consumption demand To feed the grid in parallel with other generators during peak power appeals<br/><br/>D 22 Project:<br/><br/>MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL Page 18/58<br/><br/>Work Package : 5- Development of MSG Design and Implementation method<br/><br/><br/>Contract 015286 (INCO) - CRESMED Document: D 22 ­ MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES WP 5 Task 5.5 Final use-CO Description: Guideline for hybrid system rural electrification Language English Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie - France) Revised by: Khaled DAOUD (NERC ­ Jordan)<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/08<br/><br/>Version 1 Level: WD Nº pages: 58<br/><br/>Author: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie) Schemes : Fabienne ANGUENOT (Transénergie) Date: 31/01/08 Comments: OK<br/><br/>II ­ Characteristics of the equipment 1 ­ Composition The centralised generator The centralised generator is composed by the following items: · · · · A genset with a 10 to 30 kVA power (single phase) or 30 to 200 kVA for a three phases device A lead acid battery park with 48 to 440 V of nominal voltage and a capacity able to supply the requested autonomy (generally 2 days) A centralised reversible inverter with a 3 to 20 kVA power (single phase) or 30 to 200 kVA for a three phases device A shelter in order to protect and secure the system<br/><br/>The grid for electricity distribution can be aerial or underground, with protection equipments for persons and goods based on transmitted power. The decentralised generator For each household, the individual PV or wind generator (between 50 W up to 2 kW) is composed by: · · · · · PV standard modules (50 Wp to 180 Wp each) or small wind turbine (100 to 500 W) Lead acid or gel batteries with positive tubular electrodes with a nominal voltage between 24 V to 48 V ; the capacity is function of the autonomy needs, generally 3 or 5 days Charge regulator or reversible inverter (in relationship with the system configuration) (from 1.5 up the 5 kVA Low consumption appliances Advanced energy counters with low internal consumption (with daily energy limitation, power limitation, production and battery state of charge displayed,<br/><br/>2 ­ Performances Energetic performances of hybrid generators depend of the irradiation and the daily average running time of the genset. Typically, the daily production of individual generator is around 3 Wh/Wp in a tropical zone. The daily production of the genset depends essentially of the grid energy needs Specific software or freeware optimise the size of each component in order to reduce the investments and running costs.<br/><br/>D 22 Project:<br/><br/>MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL Page 19/58<br/><br/>Work Package : 5- Development of MSG Design and Implementation method<br/><br/><br/>Contract 015286 (INCO) - CRESMED Document: D 22 ­ MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES WP 5 Task 5.5 Final use-CO Description: Guideline for hybrid system rural electrification Language English Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie - France) Revised by: Khaled DAOUD (NERC ­ Jordan)<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/08<br/><br/>Version 1 Level: WD Nº pages: 58<br/><br/>Author: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie) Schemes : Fabienne ANGUENOT (Transénergie) Date: 31/01/08 Comments: OK<br/><br/>The sizing of a hybrid system must be systematically studied with, as the starting point de daily energy needs and their possible evolution function sometime of the season. Local irradiation, wind speed fuel costs, manpower cost are also predominant keys parameters. III ­ Exploitation conditions 1 ­ Implementation The implantation of hybrid systems is quite simple with the utilisation of normalised devices adapted for the use conditions and respect of the rules of the art in electricity and PV or wind turbine applications. · · · · Centralised generator: For the genset, generally well known component in remote area an adapted shelter with aeration for the exhausts but with a good protection against rain falls can be done with local methods and materials Batteries can be installed in an independent room Installation and wiring of electrical devices must be done in accordance with common electrical rules by qualified staff The grid implementation follows the ordinary rules, even if sometimes specs can be lighter than in town for example<br/><br/>Individual generators: Standardised individual generator can be installed like solar home systems or wind power home systems by a trained electrician 2 - Operation and maintenance Operation and maintenance is similar than for centralised hybrid systems. It is quite simple but very often the weak point of the system due to lack of money or know how if there is not sufficient information and training regarding these aspects. In general, two a three times a year (except for the genset) the following tasks must be realised: · For the PV array, cleaning of the modules and the area (high grass, trees), wiring and structure control · For wind turbine see manufacturer maintenance guidelines · At the battery level, electrolyte level control and distilled water addition if necessary (in case of open batteries), boost charge, control of the wiring · At the genset level, preventive maintenance routines (oil, filters), oil sewage every 250 hours and of course fill in of the fuel tank<br/><br/>D 22 Project:<br/><br/>MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL Page 20/58<br/><br/>Work Package : 5- Development of MSG Design and Implementation method<br/><br/><br/>Contract 015286 (INCO) - CRESMED Document: D 22 ­ MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES WP 5 Task 5.5 Final use-CO Description: Guideline for hybrid system rural electrification Language English Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie - France) Revised by: Khaled DAOUD (NERC ­ Jordan)<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/08<br/><br/>Version 1 Level: WD Nº pages: 58<br/><br/>Author: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie) Schemes : Fabienne ANGUENOT (Transénergie) Date: 31/01/08 Comments: OK<br/><br/>·<br/><br/>At the global level, a supervision system (monitoring, datalogging) must permit a deep analysis of the power supply and consumption and can detect or prevent failures.<br/><br/>With a correct and efficient operation and maintenance organisation, components lifetimes can be the following: · · · · Batteries lifetime can be estimated around 5 to 7 years Genset can reach around 20 years with an average daily running time of 2 hours. PV array and structures can run during 25 or 30 years. Charger and inverter, it depends of the quality and technology but a lifetime between 5 to 10 years can be expected. IV ­ Costs 1 - Investment costs Beware due to the country policy sometimes there are taxes in addition or subtraction (VAT, customs). Installation and transportation are not included because very different from a site to another one. For the grid and civil work the cost is also function of the location plus the cost of raw material like copper or cement. In addition, sometimes the grid still exists, fed by an old genset running a few hours per day or per week. Centralised generator: Investment costs for the centralised generator can be split in the following categories: · Batteries · Genset · Energy converters (inverter, charger) · Technical shelter and civil work · The distribution grid The costs are of course function of the chosen equipment and its specs. Roughly prices are the same than for centralised systems described before. Individual PV generators: Investment costs for the individual PV generators can be split in the following categories: · PV modules and structures or wind turbine and mast · Batteries · Regulators · Energy converter · In house distribution · Advanced appliances<br/>D 22 Project: MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES CRESMED Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL Page 21/58 Date: 29/10/2008<br/><br/>Work Package : 5- Development of MSG Design and Implementation method<br/><br/><br/>Contract 015286 (INCO) - CRESMED Document: D 22 ­ MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES WP 5 Task 5.5 Final use-CO Description: Guideline for hybrid system rural electrification Language English Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie - France) Revised by: Khaled DAOUD (NERC ­ Jordan)<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/08<br/><br/>Version 1 Level: WD Nº pages: 58<br/><br/>Author: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie) Schemes : Fabienne ANGUENOT (Transénergie) Date: 31/01/08 Comments: OK<br/><br/>For PV systems, the investment cost is between 15 and 30 Euro/Wp, an indicative repartition is given hereafter for the PV generator: PV array Batteries In house wiring and grid connection Energy converter Regulation, monitoring, protection 30% - 40% 15% - 20% 15% -25% 10% - 20% 5% - 10%<br/><br/>Investment optimisation study can be done by specific software taking account the users energy needs, solar resources, fuel cost ... Individual wind power generators: For wind turbine system the investment cost is around 1 Euro / watt for a 5kW to 40 kW unit and 3 Euro per watt for a 500 to 3 kW unit. Wind speed required for nominal power production, as a rule, is 12 m/s with P &gt; 50 kW and 15 m/s for small wind generators around 5 kW. An average wind speed of 7,5 m/s is usually regarded as good value which can provide for cost effective electricity generation. Especially in coastal regions, such wind speeds are common. In that case the power supplied by a small wind turbine is roughly: P = P nom (7,5 / 15)3 2 - Running costs The running costs categories are very similar than for centralised systems: · · · · ·<br/>D 22 Project:<br/><br/>The genset fuel and consumables for the preventive maintenance (low in the case of a hybrid system running some hours per weeks The staff costs regarding preventive maintenance of the various items Some spare parts for curative maintenance (relay, IGBT ...) Battery cost replacement every 5 or 10 years (a yearly saving is needed) Wind power preventive maintenance cost<br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL Page 22/58<br/><br/>MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES CRESMED<br/><br/>Work Package : 5- Development of MSG Design and Implementation method<br/><br/><br/>Contract 015286 (INCO) - CRESMED Document: D 22 ­ MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES WP 5 Task 5.5 Final use-CO Description: Guideline for hybrid system rural electrification Language English Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie - France) Revised by: Khaled DAOUD (NERC ­ Jordan)<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/08<br/><br/>Version 1 Level: WD Nº pages: 58<br/><br/>Author: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie) Schemes : Fabienne ANGUENOT (Transénergie) Date: 31/01/08 Comments: OK<br/><br/>The hybrid system design has to consider these running costs for at least 20 years, these costs must be actualised periodically function of the country, the site location and the economical context. VII - Applications The decentralised hybrid system is possible if households are not too much spread and all without shadows on a specific area. This solution can satisfy the different needs of each user and presents an interesting modularity in case of the daily energy demand increases significantly.<br/><br/>D 22 Project:<br/><br/>MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL Page 23/58<br/><br/>Work Package : 5- Development of MSG Design and Implementation method<br/><br/><br/>Contract 015286 (INCO) - CRESMED Document: D 22 ­ MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES WP 5 Task 5.5 Final use-CO Description: Guideline for hybrid system rural electrification Language English Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie - France) Revised by: Khaled DAOUD (NERC ­ Jordan)<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/08<br/><br/>Version 1 Level: WD Nº pages: 58<br/><br/>Author: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie) Schemes : Fabienne ANGUENOT (Transénergie) Date: 31/01/08 Comments: OK<br/><br/>4. Existing hybrid system design software I - Introduction Off -grid systems, and in particular hybrid systems, are characterised by a high degree of complexity at the dimensioning stage. For this reason, as similarly in many other fields, soft ware simulation is an important aid. There is already a broad diversity of such programmes on the market. An actual overview from 2007 of IEA PVPS task 11 summarise 21 simulation tools which are used in 11 countries. Some are very comprehensive and perform their calculations down to a very detailed level, where as others are rather more suited for fast »coarse dimensioning«. The different programmes integrate different sets of technologies (PV, wind, additional generators ...), and some include also economic calculations. The costs of the software vary no less significantly, which often makes it difficult to find the best package for the task in hand. So which programme is the »best«? The German Conergy subsidiary Suntechnics in Hamburg decided it was time to address this question and proposed it as a diploma thesis /1/ to the FHTW Berlin (University of Applied Sciences) with support from Fraunhofer ISE in the summer of 2006. The task was to analyse those programmes on the market which are specifically able to model hybrid systems (PV-diesel batteries) and which appear to promise a short familiarisation period.1 The result are seven selected simulation programmes, see table x, which are relative well known and the familiarisation process is relative easy /2/. The table assessed them according to a catalogue of different criteria, see assessment criteria on page 21. The programme »Insel«, which was developed by the University of Oldenburg, Germany, and is today supported by the South German company Doppelintegral GmbH, was not included in the analysis, because its initial familiarisation process was considered too complex. The seven programmes can be divided into three groups: dimensioning programmes, which calculate the system dimensions on the basis of input data (load and climate data and system components), and simulation programmes, which use the input data (load and climate data, system components and configuration) to simulate the behaviour of the system over a given period. The third group comprises programmes which offer both options. The Programme &quot;Insel&quot; is a very detailed simulation tool which allows in principle to simulate all different system components and configurations, but the user must be very familiar with the features of the components and the used model inside &quot;Insel&quot;. The individual programmes are to be presented here in more detail.<br/><br/>1<br/><br/>The Cresmed consortium thanks Anja Lippkau from Conergy and the IEA PVPS task 11 group that they agree to use their results<br/><br/>D 22 Project:<br/><br/>MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL Page 24/58<br/><br/>Work Package : 5- Development of MSG Design and Implementation method<br/><br/><br/>Contract 015286 (INCO) - CRESMED Document: D 22 ­ MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES WP 5 Task 5.5 Final use-CO Description: Guideline for hybrid system rural electrification Language English Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie - France) Revised by: Khaled DAOUD (NERC ­ Jordan)<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/08<br/><br/>Version 1 Level: WD Nº pages: 58<br/><br/>Author: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie) Schemes : Fabienne ANGUENOT (Transénergie) Date: 31/01/08 Comments: OK<br/><br/>II - Overview of dimensioning and simulation programmes for hybrid PV systems<br/>Software Programme Version Date of 1.version Date of recent version Costs (single license) Language versions Dimensioning (Dim) PV-SPS RETScreen 2.0 Version 3.2 2001 2005 2001 1997 99 (A $) = 58 free Euro Engl. Engl., French Dim. + Sim. PV-SOL PVSYST 2.6 R5 2006 1998 498 Euro Ger., French, Engl., Spain, Ital. + normal o PV-B PV-D-B yes yes + S no yes yes + v3.41 2006 1994 700 (CHF) = 465 Euro French, Engl. Simulation(Sim) PVHOMER DesignPro v6,0 2.2 beta 2004 2005 1998 1993 259 US $ free Engl. Engl.<br/><br/>Hybrid2 1,3c R3 2004 1998 free Engl.<br/><br/>Instruction manual quality User background knowledge User friendless Component dimensioning(2) Simulation (2) Plausibility check Irradiation data base Wind data base Emission balance Economic analysis Clearness of data input for users Clearness of data input for system components<br/>D 22 Project: MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES CRESMED<br/><br/>(1) Normal O PV-D-B no Sim. Yes 4 locations No No No O + (4)<br/><br/>+ normal + PV-D-B no Sim. no yes + NASA link + S yes yes yes + + (5)<br/><br/>detailed F1 man. normal o PV-B PV-D-B yes yes + S no no yes o o<br/><br/>high skilled no Dim. PV-D-B-W no yes no yes yes -<br/><br/>o normal o no Dim. PV-D-B-W no yes + S no no yes +<br/><br/>+ skilled + (3) PV-D-B-W-(+) yes yes + NASA link no yes yes + +<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL Page 25/58<br/><br/>Work Package : 5- Development of MSG Design and Implementation method<br/><br/><br/>Contract 015286 (INCO) - CRESMED Document: D 22 ­ MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES WP 5 Task 5.5 Final use-CO Description: Guideline for hybrid system rural electrification Language English Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie - France) Revised by: Khaled DAOUD (NERC ­ Jordan)<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/08<br/><br/>Version 1 Level: WD Nº pages: 58<br/><br/>Author: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie) Schemes : Fabienne ANGUENOT (Transénergie) Date: 31/01/08 Comments: OK<br/><br/>Result output clarity Time resolution of the output<br/><br/>+ month, year<br/><br/>+ month, year<br/><br/>Project report/ printout<br/><br/>O<br/><br/>+<br/><br/>o hour, day, week, month, year +<br/><br/>o hour, day, month, year +<br/><br/>User-defined<br/><br/>-<br/><br/>o hour, day, week, month, year o<br/><br/>+ hour, day, week, month, year +<br/><br/>(+ good/easy, 0 satisfactory, - sufficient/laborious, S shadowing analysis 1) No separate manual, the tool should only be used in conjunction with the relevant Australian standards for off-grid-systems (AS 4509 Parts1, 2 &amp; 3 and AS 4086 Part 2) 2) PV = PV-generator; D = diesel-generator; B = batterie; W = wind generator; (+) =further energy sources, e- g. biogas, fuel cell 3) If several components of different sizes are entered, all the possible combinations are simulated and combination proposals are listed on the basis of their economic viability. 4) No component database available<br/>5) PV module database is not extendable by the user<br/><br/>D 22 Project:<br/><br/>MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL Page 26/58<br/><br/>Work Package : 5- Development of MSG Design and Implementation method<br/><br/><br/>Contract 015286 (INCO) - CRESMED Document: D 22 ­ MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES WP 5 Task 5.5 Final use-CO Description: Guideline for hybrid system rural electrification Language English Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie - France) Revised by: Khaled DAOUD (NERC ­ Jordan)<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/08<br/><br/>Version 1 Level: WD Nº pages: 58<br/><br/>Author: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie) Schemes : Fabienne ANGUENOT (Transénergie) Date: 31/01/08 Comments: OK<br/><br/>Assessment criteria (see table x) · The assessment of the instruction manual quality considered the scope of information given, the clarity of presentation and the ease of understanding for the user. · Factors contributing to user-friendliness were the structure and intuitive nature of the user interface, and the number of inputs necessary to reach a chosen programme function. · Under component dimensioning, it was determined whether and for which components this function is available, as similarly for the simulation option. · The feature plausibility check refers to checking of the technical feasibility of specified configurations and the issuing of warnings in case of discrepancies. · Under irradiation database, it is indicated whether such a database exists, and whether it is possible to perform shadowing analyses. · Where the emission balance feature is present, the emissions of various gases with negative climate effects are calculated, alongside the pollutant savings achieved by renewable energy generation. Economic analyses comprise investment and cost calculations over a given period. · The criterion clearness of data input is considered separately for users and the sys tem components. The assessment of the two input procedures considers the clarity of the input form layout and the effort required to enter a particular item of data. In the case of the system components, important factors were the integration of databases and the possibilities to expand these databases. · The assessment of the result output clarity considers the layout and variants for result presentation (e.g. graph, table, scatter plot). The time resolution of the results is given and the scope and presentation of the project reports and print-outs is evaluated. III - PV-SPS (Version 2.0) PV-SPS (PV Stand-alone Power Systems) is a dimensioning programme for PV-diesel off grid systems based on Excel spreadsheets. It performs its calculations to the Australian industry standards and was developed by the Australian Business Council for Sustainable Energy (BCSE). It demands a certain level of prior knowledge for the specification of the consumers and system components and is thus aimed above all at experienced users in the off -grid field. Furthermore, it should only be used in con junction with the relevant Australian standards for off - grid systems (AS 4509 Parts 1, 2 &amp; 3 and AS 4086 Part 2)! One special feature of PV-SPS is the distinction between summer and winter, for which two groups of consumers (one for each season) need to be entered. In addition, regional factors are specified for each month for seasonal consumers, alongside irradiation and temperature data for four different locations in Australia. The programme outputs on the one hand three different PV generator sizes, based on the mean irradiation values of the best and poorest months, as well as the annual mean value, and on the other hand the size of a diesel generator corresponding to the selected system operating mode. Even though the layout of the individual input forms is not always optimal in terms of clarity, the two graphs presenting the monthly energy consumption and power generation give a good general impression of the system performance over the course of the year.<br/>D 22 Project: MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES CRESMED Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL Page 27/58 Date: 29/10/2008<br/><br/>Work Package : 5- Development of MSG Design and Implementation method<br/><br/><br/>Contract 015286 (INCO) - CRESMED Document: D 22 ­ MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES WP 5 Task 5.5 Final use-CO Description: Guideline for hybrid system rural electrification Language English Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie - France) Revised by: Khaled DAOUD (NERC ­ Jordan)<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/08<br/><br/>Version 1 Level: WD Nº pages: 58<br/><br/>Author: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie) Schemes : Fabienne ANGUENOT (Transénergie) Date: 31/01/08 Comments: OK<br/><br/>IV - RETScreen (Version 3.2) This programme, which is similarly based on Excel spreadsheets, was developed by the Canadian government (Ministry of Natural Resources) and includes not only the actual dimensioning calculations for PV-diesel off -grid systems, but also options for cost and emission gas analyses. RETScreen stands out by way of its fast and simple input, as databases are provided for PV modules and climate data (month-by-month solar irradiation and temperature data for the year). Via a link to the NASA Internet site, climate data can also be retrieved for any chosen point on earth. Further components can only be defined with a limited scope of technical specifications, which means that the output configurations should best be treated as dimensioning guidelines. Economic viability and emissions calculations can be performed for the dimensioned system. The programme is offered in English and French language versions, together with a comprehensive manual and a collection of case studies. It can be downloaded free of charge at the following Internet address: www.retscreen.net/ang/t.php. V - PV-SOL Professional (Version 2.6 R5) PV-SOL, which was developed by Dr. Valentin Energiesoftware GmbH in Berlin, Germany, is a time-step simulation programme for off -grid and grid-coupled solar generation systems and is able to perform energy yield calculations, analyses of economic efficiency and the influences of shadowing. Besides the full simulation over time, there is also a »quick design« function for off -grid systems, though this is limited to dimensioning of the PV generator and accumulator (no additional generator). The consumers can be entered either in very fine detail (individual consumers and their operating times) or by way of a general specification of annual energy consumption and selection of a load curve. Some needed input data are not defined very well. The »quick de sign« can be taken over into the simulation and supplemented accordingly (e.g. with an additional generator). Before the actual simulation is started, a plausibility check is performed and any inconsistencies are pointed out to the user. The simulation results are output in graph form (characteristic curves for specific parameters) or tables, with the possibility to output up to eight different variables at once. The system report (as a print-out or export file for further processing) comprises a system diagram, the most important technical data of the system and energy balances. In a coming programme version, it is expected to be possible to separate the on-grid and off -grid sections, meaning that a pure off -grid tool will become available. VI - PVSYST (Version 3.41) This time-step simulation programme, developed at the University of Geneva, Switzerland, is able to simulate both grid-coupled and off -grid systems (energy flow, shadowing and economic viability). It similarly provides dimensioning proposals for stand-alone installations (PV generator and battery size), and warns the user if the chosen component combinations are not technically feasible.<br/><br/>D 22 Project:<br/><br/>MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL Page 28/58<br/><br/>Work Package : 5- Development of MSG Design and Implementation method<br/><br/><br/>Contract 015286 (INCO) - CRESMED Document: D 22 ­ MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES WP 5 Task 5.5 Final use-CO Description: Guideline for hybrid system rural electrification Language English Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie - France) Revised by: Khaled DAOUD (NERC ­ Jordan)<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/08<br/><br/>Version 1 Level: WD Nº pages: 58<br/><br/>Author: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie) Schemes : Fabienne ANGUENOT (Transénergie) Date: 31/01/08 Comments: OK<br/><br/>The dimensioning proposals are calculated on the basis of load inputs, specification of the number of days for autonomous operation and an estimation of the so-called »loss-of-load probability«, i.e. the duration for which the load cannot be served by the PV and battery energy. As there are no inverters, it is only possible to model DC systems. The additional generator serves only to charge the batteries. The consumers can be specified in various ways: individual inputs, load profile creation, probabilities of particular power values, data import and differentiation of individual periods. Comprehensive component databases are provided, permitting new components to be entered by way of typical technical data. The output options for the calculation results are similarly extensive and offer a wide range of presentation forms (e.g. characteristic curves of specific parameters, scatter plots, histograms, printed reports). VII - Hybrid2 (Version 1.3c R3) The pure simulation programme developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) of the U.S. Department of Energy in cooperation with the University of Massachusetts is one of the pioneer programmes in the field. It was conceived for analyses of hybrid systems with several energy generators (PV, wind and diesel generators) and consumers (AC, DC and thermal loads) and offers not only a broad spectrum of energy management strategy options, but also an economic analysis function. While the input forms are well structured, the output options fall back somewhat in terms of user-friendliness and clarity. Hybrid2 is used especially in universities and colleges, not least because it requires a certain time for familiarisation, but it does then permit very comprehensive system analyses. Hybrid2 is available only in English and can be downloaded free of charge at the following Internet address: www.ceere.org/rerl/projects/software/ hybrid2 VIII - PV DesignPro (Version 6.0) Developed by Michael Pelosi from Hawaii, this time-step simulation programme is designed to simulate both grid-coupled and off -grid systems with PV and wind generators. The output of an additional generator only represents the shortfalls in renewable energy, meaning that a real additional generator cannot be modelled. In addition to the energy balance calculations, the programme incorporates also economic analysis, an optimisation tool, and a set of »subprogrammes« which can be used to create load curves and to convert Meteonorm data (a special climate database that includes data from all over the world, the distributor comes from Switzer land) into the PV DesignPro data format. Alongside a quite comprehensive internal climate database with temperature, irradiation and wind data, component databases are also provided. Further PV modules, how ever, can only be entered by specifying technical data based on a special test procedure. Although the programme PV DesignPro is only available in English, an additional Spanish-language manual is included and supplied with the package.<br/><br/>D 22 Project:<br/><br/>MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL Page 29/58<br/><br/>Work Package : 5- Development of MSG Design and Implementation method<br/><br/><br/>Contract 015286 (INCO) - CRESMED Document: D 22 ­ MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES WP 5 Task 5.5 Final use-CO Description: Guideline for hybrid system rural electrification Language English Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie - France) Revised by: Khaled DAOUD (NERC ­ Jordan)<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/08<br/><br/>Version 1 Level: WD Nº pages: 58<br/><br/>Author: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie) Schemes : Fabienne ANGUENOT (Transénergie) Date: 31/01/08 Comments: OK<br/><br/>IX - HOMER (Version 2.2 beta) HOMER (Hybrid Optimisation Model for Electric Renewables) ­ another time-step simulation programme developed by NREL ­ simulates the annual performance of each of the system combination possibilities for a specified set of energy sources and calculates also the system and operating costs over the given period. It is also possible for the user to define sensitivities (e.g. different mean values for solar irradiation, wind or power consumption) to close down the range of results. The outcome of the simulation is a list of the possible systems in order of the arising costs. A graph depicts the various ranges of the most profitable systems over the given operating period, based on the selected criteria. Detailed results can be output for each of the individual simulated systems (graphs, tables, scatter plot, print-out). The programme design is very user-friendly and incorporates not only PV, wind and small-scale hydro-generators, but also further addition al generators driven by a variety of fuels (e.g. diesel, bio mass, ethanol, hydrogen). No check is made, however, to determine whether the entered component combinations are also technically compatible, for example because the PV generator is modelled merely by way of its peak output and not, as in other programmes, by way of the individual PV modules. Even so, HOMER is a very convenient tool, especially where the economic aspects of a system are to be considered. To get plausible values for the battery lifetime costs a good understanding of battery lifetime behaviour and of the used battery lifetime model inside homer is necessary. X - Summary The programme descriptions and overview table show that each of the programmes has its pros and cons. The user must therefore be aware of the features which are most important for his particular case, and should then test the programmes which meet these criteria. Most of the commercial programmes are also available in time limited demo versions. One of the key decisions to be made by the user concerns the desired focus of the calculations: economic considerations (HOMER), general dimensioning (RETScreen), a detailed technical configuration (PV-SPS, PV-Sol, PVSYST) or system analysis (Hybrid2, PV-DesignPro). In conclusion, it must be pointed out that the results of the system design and system simulation are de pendent not only on the calculation algorithms of the programme concerned, but also to a high extent on the quality of the input data, i.e. the technical knowledge and experience of the programme user. The software will prove a very useful aid during the process of system identification. The output results, however, should always be appraised with the due critical objectivity. XI - References 1/ Anyes Lippkau, Analyse von Dimensionierungs- und Simulations- Software für HybridOff-Grid Systeme in internationalen Projekten, at Suntechnics Hamburg, Germany, 2006 2/ Anyes Lippkau, Timon Kampschulte, Simulation of hybrid systems, Sun &amp; Wind Energy 2/2007, Germany<br/><br/>D 22 Project:<br/><br/>MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL Page 30/58<br/><br/>Work Package : 5- Development of MSG Design and Implementation method<br/><br/><br/>Contract 015286 (INCO) - CRESMED Document: D 22 ­ MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES WP 5 Task 5.5 Final use-CO Description: Guideline for hybrid system rural electrification Language English Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie - France) Revised by: Khaled DAOUD (NERC ­ Jordan)<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/08<br/><br/>Version 1 Level: WD Nº pages: 58<br/><br/>Author: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie) Schemes : Fabienne ANGUENOT (Transénergie) Date: 31/01/08 Comments: OK<br/><br/>5. Daily load profiles in targeted countries Typical daily load profile (in MW) is given hereafter for the targeted countries I - Algeria Available production Planned Load Real Load<br/><br/>II - Jordan<br/>A erage Daily Load Profiles by Day of W ek (2005 data): SYSTEM v e<br/>1,600 Sat 1,400 1,200 . 1,000 800 600 400 200 Fri 0 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 Sun Mn o Te u Wed Tu h<br/><br/>D 22 Project:<br/><br/>Load (M ) W<br/><br/>MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL Page 31/58<br/><br/>Work Package : 5- Development of MSG Design and Implementation method<br/><br/><br/>Contract 015286 (INCO) - CRESMED Document: D 22 ­ MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES WP 5 Task 5.5 Final use-CO Description: Guideline for hybrid system rural electrification Language English Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie - France) Revised by: Khaled DAOUD (NERC ­ Jordan)<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/08<br/><br/>Version 1 Level: WD Nº pages: 58<br/><br/>Author: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie) Schemes : Fabienne ANGUENOT (Transénergie) Date: 31/01/08 Comments: OK<br/><br/>III - Morocco<br/><br/>IV ­ Lebanon<br/>Average Supply Demand For Wednesdays 2007<br/>1800 1731 1700 1771 1775 1734 1673<br/><br/>Supply<br/><br/>Demand<br/>1643 1570 1526 1577 1581 1588 1608 1622<br/><br/>1675<br/><br/>1600<br/><br/>1549<br/><br/>1500 1450 1400 Mega Watt 1343 1287 1300 1236 1200 1168 1149 1000 1057 1042 1035 1097 1105 1185 1172 1088 1087 1096 1167 1176 1179 1178 1181 1182 1184 1188 1197 1210 1237 1267 1278 1299 1279 1250 1384<br/><br/>1100<br/><br/>900<br/><br/>800 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Hour<br/><br/>D 22 Project:<br/><br/>MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL Page 32/58<br/><br/>Work Package : 5- Development of MSG Design and Implementation method<br/><br/><br/>Contract 015286 (INCO) - CRESMED Document: D 22 ­ MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES WP 5 Task 5.5 Final use-CO Description: Guideline for hybrid system rural electrification Language English Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie - France) Revised by: Khaled DAOUD (NERC ­ Jordan)<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/08<br/><br/>Version 1 Level: WD Nº pages: 58<br/><br/>Author: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie) Schemes : Fabienne ANGUENOT (Transénergie) Date: 31/01/08 Comments: OK<br/><br/>6. Appliances list in targeted countries The specs of typical appliances for rural electrification are given hereafter for each targeted country. The frame of the table is the following:<br/>Nominal VOLTAGE (Volt) Nominal POWER (Watt) Energy Efficiency CLASS (A to G) A very efficient, G very inefficient (see photo below) D Typical daily Energy Needs (Wh/day) Average lifetime (year) Availability in the country (1 to 5) Average purchase cost (Euro) Spare parts Yearly availability operation &amp; in the maintenance country (1 cost (Euro) to 5) Rate of recycling (%) Recycling cost or income (Euro) Global Judgement (1 to 5)<br/><br/>CATEGORY<br/><br/>APPLIANCE NAME<br/><br/>Explanantions<br/><br/>Give the name or function (not the brand)<br/><br/>12V DC, 22O V AC, ...<br/><br/>7W, 150 W, ...<br/><br/>Spares Estimation 5 very low 5 very low (filter, if For the availability, availability, ballast, ...) Estimation Estimation applicable Estimation common use 1 very 1 very plus (0% no common common manpower if recycling) any 100 8 2 250 5 0 0 0<br/><br/>5 black cat, 1 recommend ed appliance 2<br/><br/>Example for leisure<br/><br/>B&amp;W TV<br/><br/>12 V DC<br/><br/>35<br/><br/>D 22 Project:<br/><br/>MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL Page 33/58<br/><br/>Work Package : 5- Development of MSG Design and Implementation method<br/><br/><br/>Contract 015286 (INCO) - CRESMED Document: D 22 ­ MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES WP 5 Task 5.5 Final use-CO Description: Guideline for hybrid system rural electrification Language English Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie - France) Revised by: Khaled DAOUD (NERC ­ Jordan)<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/08<br/><br/>Version 1 Level: WD Nº pages: 58<br/><br/>Author: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie) Schemes : Fabienne ANGUENOT (Transénergie) Date: 31/01/08 Comments: OK<br/><br/>I ­ Algeria &amp; Morroco<br/>Nominal VOLTAGE (Volt) Nominal POWER (Watt) Energy Efficiency CLASS (A to G) A very efficient, G very inefficient (see photo below) D B A B B A Typical daily Energy Needs (Wh/day) Average lifetime (year) Availability in the country (1 to 5) Average purchase cost (Euro) Spare parts Yearly availability operation &amp; in the maintenance country (1 cost (Euro) to 5) Rate of recycling (%) Recycling cost or income (Euro) Global Judgement (1 to 5)<br/><br/>CATEGORY<br/><br/>APPLIANCE NAME<br/><br/>Explanantions<br/><br/>Give the name or function (not the brand)<br/><br/>12V DC, 22O V AC, ...<br/><br/>7W, 150 W, ...<br/><br/>Spares Estimation 5 very low 5 very low (filter, if For the availability, availability, ballast, ...) Estimation Estimation applicable Estimation common use 1 very 1 very plus (0% no common common manpower if recycling) any 100 33 90 33 45 21 8 6 6 6 6 6 2 1 1 1 1 1 250 8,3 25 7,8 15 6,2 5 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NA NA NA NA NA 0 NA NA NA NA NA<br/><br/>5 black cat, 1 recommend ed appliance 2 2 4 2 3 1<br/><br/>Example for leisure Lighting (fluorescent tubes, low consumption bulbs, LED, ...<br/><br/>B&amp;W TV Fluocompact Fluocompact Fluocompact Fluo Low consumption Fluo Low consumption Fridge/congelator 166 ltrs Radio Color TV DVD player Sewing machine<br/><br/>12 V DC 12 V DC 12 V DC 12 V DC 12 V DC 12 V DC<br/><br/>35 11 30 11 15 7<br/><br/>Refrigeration Leisure (Radio, TV black and white, color, video tape, DVD, ...) Electrical tools Others<br/><br/>12 V DC 220 V AC 220 V AC 220 V AC 220 V AC<br/><br/>40 10 50 50 55<br/><br/>A B B B C<br/><br/>400 20 200 50 55<br/><br/>15 8 10 10 15<br/><br/>1 1 1 1 1<br/><br/>1400 15 150 40 40<br/><br/>1 2 2 4 2<br/><br/>0 0 0 0 0<br/><br/>NA NA NA NA NA<br/><br/>NA NA NA NA NA<br/><br/>2 2 2 2 2<br/><br/>D 22 Project:<br/><br/>MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL Page 34/58<br/><br/>Work Package : 5- Development of MSG Design and Implementation method<br/><br/><br/>Contract 015286 (INCO) - CRESMED Document: D 22 ­ MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES WP 5 Task 5.5 Final use-CO Description: Guideline for hybrid system rural electrification Language English Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie - France) Revised by: Khaled DAOUD (NERC ­ Jordan) GSM Charger Heating &amp; Cooking Mixer 220 V AC 220 V AC 11 30<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/08<br/><br/>Version 1 Level: WD Nº pages: 58<br/><br/>Author: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie) Schemes : Fabienne ANGUENOT (Transénergie) Date: 31/01/08 Comments: OK B C 11 15 2,5 7 1 1 2,5 15 1 5 0 0 NA NA NA NA<br/><br/>2 4<br/><br/>D 22 Project:<br/><br/>MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL Page 35/58<br/><br/>Work Package : 5- Development of MSG Design and Implementation method<br/><br/><br/>Contract 015286 (INCO) - CRESMED Document: D 22 ­ MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES WP 5 Task 5.5 Final use-CO Description: Guideline for hybrid system rural electrification Language English Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie - France) Revised by: Khaled DAOUD (NERC ­ Jordan)<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/08<br/><br/>Version 1 Level: WD Nº pages: 58<br/><br/>Author: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie) Schemes : Fabienne ANGUENOT (Transénergie) Date: 31/01/08 Comments: OK<br/><br/>II - Jordan<br/>Nominal VOLTAGE (Volt) Nominal POWER (Watt) Energy Efficiency CLASS (A to G) A very efficient, G very inefficient (see photo below) D NA NA NA NA Typical daily Energy Needs (Wh/day) Average lifetime (year) Availability in the country (1 to 5) Average purchase cost (Euro) Spare parts Yearly availability in operation &amp; the country (1 maintenance to 5) cost (Euro) Rate of recycling (%) Recycling cost or income (Euro) Global Judgement (1 to 5)<br/><br/>CATEGORY<br/><br/>APPLIANCE NAME<br/><br/>Explanantions<br/><br/>Give the name or function (not the brand)<br/><br/>12V DC, 22O V AC, ...<br/><br/>7W, 150 W, ...<br/><br/>5 very low For the availability, Estimation common use 1 very common<br/><br/>Estimation<br/><br/>5 very low availability, 1 very common<br/><br/>Spares Estimation (filter, if ballast, ...) applicable plus (0% no manpower if recycling) any 0 0 0 0 0 0 50% 50% 50% 50%<br/><br/>Estimation<br/><br/>5 black cat, 1 recommend ed appliance 2 NA NA NA NA<br/><br/>Example for leisure<br/><br/>B&amp;W TV Fluorescent Lamps Night Light Fluorescent Wall Lamps Energy Saving Fluorescent Lamps Conventional Reflector Lamps &amp; Globe Lamps Energy Saving Lamp Ceiling Mounted Lamp Lamps General Lighting Service Bulbs Energy Saving Lamp Ceiling Mounted Lamp<br/><br/>12 V DC 220-240V 220-240V 240V 230V<br/><br/>35 36W 5W 36W 5-85W<br/><br/>100<br/><br/>8 1 0,5 1 2<br/><br/>2 1 1 2 3<br/><br/>250 3 1 2 5<br/><br/>5 1 1 2 3<br/><br/>0<br/><br/>Lighting (fluorescent tubes, low consumption bulbs, LED, ...<br/><br/>230V 230 230 230V 220-240V 220-240V 170 - 250V 220-240V<br/><br/>25-100W 18W 50-100W 5-100W 25-500W 18W<br/><br/>NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA<br/><br/>1 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 2 1 10<br/><br/>3 3 2 1 1 3 2 2<br/><br/>2 3 1 1 1 4 2 400<br/><br/>2 2 2 1 1 3 2 2<br/><br/>0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30<br/><br/>50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50%<br/><br/>NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 2<br/><br/>Refrigeration (fridges<br/><br/>Freezers<br/><br/>D 22 Project:<br/><br/>MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL Page 36/58<br/><br/>Work Package : 5- Development of MSG Design and Implementation method<br/><br/><br/>Contract 015286 (INCO) - CRESMED Document: D 22 ­ MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES WP 5 Task 5.5 Final use-CO Description: Guideline for hybrid system rural electrification Language English Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie - France) Revised by: Khaled DAOUD (NERC ­ Jordan) common or efficient, congelators, ...)<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/08<br/><br/>Version 1 Level: WD Nº pages: 58<br/><br/>Author: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie) Schemes : Fabienne ANGUENOT (Transénergie) Date: 31/01/08 Comments: OK<br/><br/>refrigerator Radios Traditional TVs Computers Telephone<br/><br/>220-240V 220-240 V 220-240V 220-240V 220-240V 220-240V 220-240V 220-240V 220-240V 220-240V 220-240V 220-240V 20002500W 20002500W<br/><br/>NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA<br/><br/>10 5 8 4 4 2 4 2 2 4 4<br/><br/>2 1 1 2 1 1 3 1 1 2 2<br/><br/>400 50 150 500 100 100 300 100 150 100 150<br/><br/>2 2 1 1 2 1 3 2 2 3 3<br/><br/>30 5 15 30 20 20 20 10 10 10 10<br/><br/>50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50%<br/><br/>2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 2<br/><br/>Leisure (Radio, TV black and white, color, video tape, DVD, ...)<br/><br/>Receivers Video Irons Steam Iron Tower Fan Oscillating Tower Fans VCRs<br/><br/>Electrical tools Drill Others (GSM charger, domestic pump, ...) Heating and cooking domestic pump mobile phone charger 220-240 220-240V 5V DC 0.371100W NA NA NA 4 4 1 2 2 1 150 200 5 2 2 1 30 20 0 50% 75% 75% 3 3 3<br/><br/>D 22 Project:<br/><br/>MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL Page 37/58<br/><br/>Work Package : 5- Development of MSG Design and Implementation method<br/><br/><br/>Contract 015286 (INCO) - CRESMED Document: D 22 ­ MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES WP 5 Task 5.5 Final use-CO Description: Guideline for hybrid system rural electrification Language English Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie - France) Revised by: Khaled DAOUD (NERC ­ Jordan)<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/08<br/><br/>Version 1 Level: WD Nº pages: 58<br/><br/>Author: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie) Schemes : Fabienne ANGUENOT (Transénergie) Date: 31/01/08 Comments: OK<br/><br/>IV - Lebanon<br/>Nominal VOLTAG E (Volt) Nominal POWER (Watt) Energy Efficiency CLASS (A to G) Typical daily Energy Needs (Wh/day) Average lifetime (year) Availability in the country (1 to 5) Average purchase cost (Euro) Spare parts Yearly availability operation &amp; in the maintenance country (1 cost (Euro) to 5) Rate of recycling (%) Recycling cost or income (Euro) Global Judgement (1 to 5)<br/><br/>CATEGORY<br/><br/>APPLIANCE NAME<br/><br/>Explanations<br/><br/>Give the name or function (not the brand)<br/><br/>12V DC, 22O V AC, ...<br/><br/>7W, 150 W, ...<br/><br/>A very efficient, G very inefficient<br/><br/>For the common use<br/><br/>Estimatio n<br/><br/>5 very low availability, 1 very common<br/><br/>Estimatio n<br/><br/>Spares Estimatio 5 very low (filter, n if availability, ballast, ...) applicable 1 very plus (0% no common manpower if recycling) any 5 1 1 3 2 2 2 3 2 6 15 90 0 3 12 50 10 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0<br/><br/>Estimatio n<br/><br/>5 black cat, 1 recommend ed appliance 2 1 2 3 2 2 3 3 2<br/><br/>Example for leisure Lighting<br/><br/>Refrigeration Leisure Electric tools Others Heating &amp; Cooking (rice cooker, mixer, boiler, ...<br/><br/>B&amp;W TV Fluocompact lamp Fluorescent lamp Common fridge Radio Color TV Drill Welding Domestic pump<br/><br/>12 V DC 220 AC 220 AC 220 AC 220 AC 220 AC 220 AC 2202 AC 220 AC<br/><br/>35 15 40 150 25 100 100 200 400<br/><br/>D B C C C C C C C<br/><br/>100 90 300 1200 200 600 100 200 2400<br/><br/>8 5 3 10 5 5 5 4 3<br/><br/>2 1 1 3 2 2 2 3 1<br/><br/>250 2 4 350 20 200 40 80 45<br/><br/>0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0<br/><br/>Mixer<br/><br/>220 AC<br/><br/>100<br/><br/>C<br/><br/>50<br/><br/>8<br/><br/>2<br/><br/>40<br/><br/>2<br/><br/>5<br/><br/>0<br/><br/>0<br/><br/>3<br/><br/>D 22 Project:<br/><br/>MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL Page 38/58<br/><br/>Work Package : 5- Development of MSG Design and Implementation method<br/><br/><br/>Contract 015286 (INCO) - CRESMED Document: D 22 ­ MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES WP 5 Task 5.5 Final use-CO Description: Guideline for hybrid system rural electrification Language English Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie - France) Revised by: Khaled DAOUD (NERC ­ Jordan)<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/08<br/><br/>Version 1 Level: WD Nº pages: 58<br/><br/>Author: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie) Schemes : Fabienne ANGUENOT (Transénergie) Date: 31/01/08 Comments: OK<br/><br/>7. Software tool for grid design I - Description of the tool This tool has been elaborated in order to simulate the behaviour of electric grids under steady state conditions To operate successfully an electric power system, certain physical or regulatory limitations must be respected: · · · voltage has to remain within the range for which the power system components were designed; current in the conductors must not exceed a maximum value to prevent over-heating; power produced by each of the distributed generation sources cannot overcome a given limit.<br/><br/>During the study phase, it is therefore important that the value of each of the power system components variables (voltage -V-, current -I-, active power -P- and reactive power -Q-) can be calculated from given or imposed assumptions, and checked to be sure that they are compatible with their characteristics, in order to guarantee the power quality and the reliability of the distribution to all the users. For that purpose, a software tool has been developed to undertake these steady-state calculations on a balanced, three-phase network. This could be a mesh network (like a transport network), or another type (such as a distribution network). This tool can be run completely autonomously. Both the models and the default values of the parameters were chosen with the aim of: · · quick and easy understanding; an appropriate balance between the user's needs in terms of accuracy in the simulation, and the information he has got, or can get hold of, on the power system and its components.<br/><br/>In short, the program allows you to: · · · · · ·<br/>D 22 Project:<br/><br/>Enter a power system using a chart and a box of components. The power system's construction is done by setting down electric symbols on a chart and linking them together using connections without impedance. The characteristics of the different elements are then supplied using dialogue boxes. Calculate the apportionment of power flows. It is possible to simulate either a single operating point or a day divided into 24 hourly points. Visualise the results.<br/>MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES CRESMED Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL Page 39/58 Date: 29/10/2008<br/><br/>Work Package : 5- Development of MSG Design and Implementation method<br/><br/><br/>Contract 015286 (INCO) - CRESMED Document: D 22 ­ MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES WP 5 Task 5.5 Final use-CO Description: Guideline for hybrid system rural electrification Language English Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie - France) Revised by: Khaled DAOUD (NERC ­ Jordan)<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/08<br/><br/>Version 1 Level: WD Nº pages: 58<br/><br/>Author: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie) Schemes : Fabienne ANGUENOT (Transénergie) Date: 31/01/08 Comments: OK<br/><br/>· ·<br/><br/>The simulation results are shown directly on the chart: the voltage in each node, the currents in each line and the reactive power flows can be visualised or masked at the user's request. In the case of a simulation over a 24-hour period, the results appear in the form of curves on a chart, but also show up in a result file in the form of tables giving the power, current and voltage for each component at each hour.<br/><br/>Chart window showing power curves<br/><br/>D 22 Project:<br/><br/>MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL Page 40/58<br/><br/>Work Package : 5- Development of MSG Design and Implementation method<br/><br/><br/>Contract 015286 (INCO) - CRESMED Document: D 22 ­ MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES WP 5 Task 5.5 Final use-CO Description: Guideline for hybrid system rural electrification Language English Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie - France) Revised by: Khaled DAOUD (NERC ­ Jordan)<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/08<br/><br/>Version 1 Level: WD Nº pages: 58<br/><br/>Author: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie) Schemes : Fabienne ANGUENOT (Transénergie) Date: 31/01/08 Comments: OK<br/><br/>II - Renewable energy components: application to rural electrification 1 Wind farms All of the turbines installed on the farm are considered to be of the same type and subjected to the same wind. The user must supply the following parameters: the nominal power of one wind turbine, the number of turbines and the information allowing the reactive power produced or consumed to be calculated (an asynchronous machine directly connected to the power system or via a FACTS-type interface that allows reactive power to be set).<br/><br/>Wind farm / beginner user dialogue box<br/><br/>D 22 Project:<br/><br/>MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL Page 41/58<br/><br/>Work Package : 5- Development of MSG Design and Implementation method<br/><br/><br/>Contract 015286 (INCO) - CRESMED Document: D 22 ­ MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES WP 5 Task 5.5 Final use-CO Description: Guideline for hybrid system rural electrification Language English Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie - France) Revised by: Khaled DAOUD (NERC ­ Jordan)<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/08<br/><br/>Version 1 Level: WD Nº pages: 58<br/><br/>Author: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie) Schemes : Fabienne ANGUENOT (Transénergie) Date: 31/01/08 Comments: OK<br/><br/>The `EXPERT user' window allows the modification of parameters with default values: · The wind speed at turbine hub level for: start (V0), nominal power production (V1) and stop (V3) · The turbine hub's height above ground level · The coefficient of the terrain's ruggedness In cases where the reactive power is not monitored, the user defines: · · The reactive power consumed when idle The reactive power consumed when active production is nominal<br/><br/>Wind farm / expert user dialogue box The electric power curve according to wind power is shaped as follows: Power<br/>By default V0 = 4 m/s V1 = 13 m/s V2 = 25 m/s Vo V1 V2<br/><br/>Wind speed<br/><br/>Power curve of a wind turbine<br/>D 22 Project: MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES CRESMED Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL Page 42/58 Date: 29/10/2008<br/><br/>Work Package : 5- Development of MSG Design and Implementation method<br/><br/><br/>Contract 015286 (INCO) - CRESMED Document: D 22 ­ MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES WP 5 Task 5.5 Final use-CO Description: Guideline for hybrid system rural electrification Language English Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie - France) Revised by: Khaled DAOUD (NERC ­ Jordan)<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/08<br/><br/>Version 1 Level: WD Nº pages: 58<br/><br/>Author: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie) Schemes : Fabienne ANGUENOT (Transénergie) Date: 31/01/08 Comments: OK<br/><br/>The transition from the standard power curve to the wind power curve characterised by V0, V1 and V2 is made by homothety and translation of the standard curve. Nacelle height: By default, all nacelles at the wind reference level supplied in the meteorological data will be studied.<br/>Otherwise, there will be a conversion:<br/><br/> v(h) = v(h0) h  ,  being the coefficient of the terrain's ruggedness (typically between 0 and 0.4)  h0 <br/><br/><br/><br/>D 22 Project:<br/><br/>MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL Page 43/58<br/><br/>Work Package : 5- Development of MSG Design and Implementation method<br/><br/><br/>Contract 015286 (INCO) - CRESMED Document: D 22 ­ MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES WP 5 Task 5.5 Final use-CO Description: Guideline for hybrid system rural electrification Language English Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie - France) Revised by: Khaled DAOUD (NERC ­ Jordan)<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/08<br/><br/>Version 1 Level: WD Nº pages: 58<br/><br/>Author: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie) Schemes : Fabienne ANGUENOT (Transénergie) Date: 31/01/08 Comments: OK<br/><br/>2 Photovoltaic arrays plus inverters<br/>This component simultaneously models a photovoltaic array and the three-phase inverter power system that allows it to inject the direct current power produced onto the alternative network. This inverter is presumed to be equipped with an MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracker). For the beginner user, there is only one item to enter: the peak power of the photovoltaic array.<br/><br/>Photovoltaic array / beginner user dialogue box In the `EXPERT user' window, it is possible to change the parameters with default values: · · · · · The NOCT (Normal Operating Cell Temperature) of the modules that make up the photovoltaic array. The coefficient of the power variation produced by the panels according to temperature. The tilt angle and the orientation of the modules The nominal power of the inverter. Its yield at two operating points: 10% and 100% of its nominal power.<br/><br/>D 22 Project:<br/><br/>MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL Page 44/58<br/><br/>Work Package : 5- Development of MSG Design and Implementation method<br/><br/><br/>Contract 015286 (INCO) - CRESMED Document: D 22 ­ MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES WP 5 Task 5.5 Final use-CO Description: Guideline for hybrid system rural electrification Language English Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie - France) Revised by: Khaled DAOUD (NERC ­ Jordan)<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/08<br/><br/>Version 1 Level: WD Nº pages: 58<br/><br/>Author: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie) Schemes : Fabienne ANGUENOT (Transénergie) Date: 31/01/08 Comments: OK<br/><br/>Photovoltaic array / expert user dialogue box<br/><br/>D 22 Project:<br/><br/>MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL Page 45/58<br/><br/>Work Package : 5- Development of MSG Design and Implementation method<br/><br/><br/>Contract 015286 (INCO) - CRESMED Document: D 22 ­ MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES WP 5 Task 5.5 Final use-CO Description: Guideline for hybrid system rural electrification Language English Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie - France) Revised by: Khaled DAOUD (NERC ­ Jordan)<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/08<br/><br/>Version 1 Level: WD Nº pages: 58<br/><br/>Author: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie) Schemes : Fabienne ANGUENOT (Transénergie) Date: 31/01/08 Comments: OK<br/><br/>3 Batteries plus inverters<br/>This component models a battery storage unit (with a yield that depends on current and stateof-charge) and the inverter that makes the interface with the power system. The data to be supplied concern the battery itself (capacity, initial state-of-charge) and the inverter (nominal power, yield at two operating points and alternative voltage set value).<br/><br/>Battery dialogue box A further option, which might currently seem anecdotal since it is available for few autonomous inverters, is operation at steady-state (or `droop mode' as described in books). This is the equivalent of operating with set voltage-frequency and static's values for the active-frequency power and reactive-tension power settings.<br/>f (Hz) fo = 50 Hz U (V) Uo<br/><br/>P/Pn<br/><br/>Q/Qn<br/><br/>Figure 27: P/f and Q/V adjustments<br/>D 22 Project: MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES CRESMED Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL Page 46/58 Date: 29/10/2008<br/><br/>Work Package : 5- Development of MSG Design and Implementation method<br/><br/><br/>Contract 015286 (INCO) - CRESMED Document: D 22 ­ MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES WP 5 Task 5.5 Final use-CO Description: Guideline for hybrid system rural electrification Language English Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie - France) Revised by: Khaled DAOUD (NERC ­ Jordan)<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/08<br/><br/>Version 1 Level: WD Nº pages: 58<br/><br/>Author: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie) Schemes : Fabienne ANGUENOT (Transénergie) Date: 31/01/08 Comments: OK<br/><br/>4 Back-up generators<br/>Two types of operation are proposed: · · the generator that forms the grid: this is the balancing bus the generator that operates at fixed times and/or according to the state-of-charge of a battery connected to the same point for recharging.<br/><br/>In the first case, it is sufficient to indicate the set voltage value. In the second case, the parameters are: · · · · The active power generated. The operating time range. The SOC (state-of-charge) of starting. The SOC of stopping.<br/><br/>Comments: · · The rule for starting or stopping the back-up according to the battery's state-ofcharge takes precedence over the operating time range setting. The SOC is that of the batteries connected to the same node. Without a battery storage unit, the algorithm does not take into account the rule linked to the SOC<br/><br/>III - Availability of the software.<br/>This simulation tool is available on the CRESMED project web site. As soon as the pilot site is identified and the system designed, the tool will be used to optimise the configuration of the mini-grid for a proper operation of the whole system.<br/><br/>D 22 Project:<br/><br/>MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL Page 47/58<br/><br/>Work Package : 5- Development of MSG Design and Implementation method<br/><br/><br/>Contract 015286 (INCO) - CRESMED Document: D 22 ­ MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES WP 5 Task 5.5 Final use-CO Description: Guideline for hybrid system rural electrification Language English Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie - France) Revised by: Khaled DAOUD (NERC ­ Jordan)<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/08<br/><br/>Version 1 Level: WD Nº pages: 58<br/><br/>Author: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie) Schemes : Fabienne ANGUENOT (Transénergie) Date: 31/01/08 Comments: OK<br/><br/>8. Main specs for micro-grids I - Introduction<br/>The benefits of electrification are well known and demand for electricity service is widespread. But, because established utilities have often been preoccupied with meeting the needs of the vocal and economically attractive urban areas and with maintaining existing systems, many have been unable to address needs of rural villages. Consequently, around the world, in rural areas beyond reach of the national grid, numerous individuals and communities have taken it upon themselves to construct their own rudimentary electricity distribution systems supplied by isolated power sources, such as hydropower plants or diesel gensets. These mini-grids hold out the promise of being the lowest-cost means of providing electricity to neighbours or entire communities. However, they are often improvised, inefficient, unsafe, and short-lived. Both national electric utilities and development organizations are therefore reluctant to encourage and support such indigenous efforts in spite of their potential benefits. Furthermore, no guidelines exist for those interested in constructing mini-grids to a higher standard of service and safety. This chapter has been prepared to encourage and support the design of improved village electrification schemes. It presents the theory as well as actual field experiences. It is anticipated that it will be useful to rural development agencies and to national and provincial energy companies and authorities. It is also hoped that, perhaps through intermediaries who have some command of basic technical skills, it will be useful to village entrepreneurs and village development committees. In this project, a mini-grid refers to a low-voltage (LV) network within a village or neighbourhood supplied at a single point by, for example, a diesel genset or microhydropower plant. It includes the service connections and house wiring. It does not refer to the interconnection of two or more separate village grids into a more extensive area-wide network. The designs must covered range from low-cost designs to serve basic lighting needs to more conventional designs that may become interconnected to the grid within the near future. Mini-grids do not involve the use of any medium voltage (MV). However, it should be recognized that it may occasionally be necessary to use MV to reduce overall cost. This may occur when serving two or more discrete load centres separated by some distance or when transmitting power from a generation source plant located at some distance from the load centre. In this case, transformers would be required.<br/><br/>II - Methodology<br/>A mini-grid study must include the following: A summary of several examples of mini-grids from around the world to illustrate the context in which such projects have been implemented. More detailed case studies are found in the appendices.<br/>D 22 Project: MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES CRESMED Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL Page 48/58 Date: 29/10/2008<br/><br/>Work Package : 5- Development of MSG Design and Implementation method<br/><br/><br/>Contract 015286 (INCO) - CRESMED Document: D 22 ­ MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES WP 5 Task 5.5 Final use-CO Description: Guideline for hybrid system rural electrification Language English Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie - France) Revised by: Khaled DAOUD (NERC ­ Jordan)<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/08<br/><br/>Version 1 Level: WD Nº pages: 58<br/><br/>Author: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie) Schemes : Fabienne ANGUENOT (Transénergie) Date: 31/01/08 Comments: OK<br/><br/>Qualitative descriptions of the issues to be addressed in planning for a mini grid. A range of design options for the various components of a mini-grid and how these are sized and incorporated into a mini-grid.<br/><br/>III - Basic specifications for a mini-grid<br/>The guiding principles for the design of mini-grid systems should be that they be safe, adequate, expandable, and efficient. Systems are safe if they present no greater hazard to the public than standard urban grid-based systems. This can be achieved by ensuring that they are designed in compliance with the spirit of any electrical codes or standards in use in the country. The word &quot;spirit&quot; is critical here because accepted standards are sometimes designed for conditions not found in rural areas where mini grids might be found. For example, to reduce cost and thereby increase accessibility to electricity in rural areas, small conductors may be recommended as appropriate where loads will not, in the foreseeable future, even approach those found in urban areas. But the same conductor might be deemed unsafe according to the codes adhered to in an urban environment because increased current demand there could lead to a fire hazard. In such cases, blindly abiding by these standards makes electrification unnecessarily more expensive and less accessible to rural populations. Systems are adequate when they deliver sufficient power when and where needed, with the required degree of efficiency and service quality. System expandability implies the use of designs that minimize life-cycle cost by making provision for a certain degree of expansion, obviating the need to replace or rewire portions of the system as the load increases. An efficient system is one that provides acceptable electric service at minimum cost over the expected life of the installation. It may not be efficient, for example, to use materials that are low-cost but whose low quality requires that they be frequently replaced or repaired or which present a safety hazard. Neither may it be efficient to save on cost by restricting the capacity at the service entrance or house wiring level below that which could conceivably be used or to decrease conductor size and cost if that leads to excessive voltage drop and power losses or to unsatisfied consumers. If village power systems relying on mini-grids are to be sustainable and therefore widely replicable, designs specific to the conditions found in villages must be prepared. There is a need to break out from the standard mode, to review specific needs in a community, to go back to basic principals, and to develop designs that most cost-effectively address those needs. Without this approach, complexity and high costs can quickly place mini-grids beyond the reach of the typical village. The study therefore not only reviews a range of technical designs but also covers in depth some of the other issues that must be addressed for successful, affordable electrification programs.<br/><br/>IV - Design issues<br/>The range of design options is much more varied with mini-grids, driven primarily by the fact that systems must remain affordable, yet adequate, if electrification is to be more widespread.<br/><br/>D 22 Project:<br/><br/>MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL Page 49/58<br/><br/>Work Package : 5- Development of MSG Design and Implementation method<br/><br/><br/>Contract 015286 (INCO) - CRESMED Document: D 22 ­ MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES WP 5 Task 5.5 Final use-CO Description: Guideline for hybrid system rural electrification Language English Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie - France) Revised by: Khaled DAOUD (NERC ­ Jordan)<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/08<br/><br/>Version 1 Level: WD Nº pages: 58<br/><br/>Author: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie) Schemes : Fabienne ANGUENOT (Transénergie) Date: 31/01/08 Comments: OK<br/><br/>Only designs that achieve this will prove sustainable and replicable. But this requires that numerous issues be resolved. Examples of such issues include the following: Most mini-grids are not grounded. What level of grounding is warranted? And how, after going through the expense and effort of grounding, can the effectiveness of grounds in providing a safe environment be ensured in a rural setting? To ensure safety yet minimize the cost of electrification, what minimum components must be included in the consumer's residence? What approaches are there to reduce the cost of meters, meter reading, billing and collecting, because these can often cost more than the cost of the electricity consumed? What types of conductor are most appropriate and available in the small sizes required for mini grids? Should single- or three-phase distribution be used? How can adequate service quality be maintained such that user appliances are not damaged? While service to urban consumers must make provision for supplying at least 1,000 watts and often considerably more, how can mini-grids be redesigned to cater to a maximum domestic demand of perhaps 20 to 100 watts per household? How can conductors be joined when the appropriate connectors are not available for the sizes commonly needed for mini-grids? Adopting conventional design would result in excess system capacity at a cost that the community could never afford. How does one assess the actual needs of a community to ensure that the system is not overbuilt and priced out of range for the community? These are some of the issues that must be addressed before even embarking on the design and sizing of a mini-grid. Consequently, while equations and graphs have been included, much of the manual focuses on increasing awareness of these and related issues and on providing insights gained to date by those who have already designed and constructed such systems. Furthermore, while an objective in mini-grid design is to minimize the cost of electrification for rural consumers so that they may access, and benefit from, this resource, several guiding principles must be kept in mind: Making electrification more affordable does not simply require minimizing the total cost of components at the time of construction. Rather, the implications of system design on life-cycle cost and system performance must be kept in mind. For example, while the use of small, locally harvested, untreated wooden poles may appear an effective means of reducing the cost of one of the most expensive components of a mini-grid, the labour and materials cost for their subsequent frequent replacement may not only quickly overwhelm any initial cost savings, but it can put the sustainability of entire system in jeopardy. As another example, if the potential exists for increased user demand in the future, life-cycle costs may actually be decreased by initially over sizing the distribution line. If costs are minimized by keeping conductor size to the minimum required to meet initial demand, then it will later have to be replaced with<br/>D 22 Project: MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES CRESMED Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL Page 50/58 Date: 29/10/2008<br/><br/>Work Package : 5- Development of MSG Design and Implementation method<br/><br/><br/>Contract 015286 (INCO) - CRESMED Document: D 22 ­ MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES WP 5 Task 5.5 Final use-CO Description: Guideline for hybrid system rural electrification Language English Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie - France) Revised by: Khaled DAOUD (NERC ­ Jordan)<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/08<br/><br/>Version 1 Level: WD Nº pages: 58<br/><br/>Author: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie) Schemes : Fabienne ANGUENOT (Transénergie) Date: 31/01/08 Comments: OK<br/><br/>larger conductor. The additional labour to replace the conductor as well as the additional materials will unnecessarily increase project cost. Minimizing system cost may not necessarily be achieved by simply minimizing the cost of each component making up that system. The system designer must realize that the design of one component can have implications on the design and cost of others. For example, as will be described later, increasing project cost somewhat by incorporating capacitors in the design of fluorescent lighting units to correct their power factor can result in net savings by allowing for the use of smaller and less costly conductor and generator.<br/><br/>D 22 Project:<br/><br/>MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL Page 51/58<br/><br/>Work Package : 5- Development of MSG Design and Implementation method<br/><br/><br/>Contract 015286 (INCO) - CRESMED Document: D 22 ­ MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES WP 5 Task 5.5 Final use-CO Description: Guideline for hybrid system rural electrification Language English Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie - France) Revised by: Khaled DAOUD (NERC ­ Jordan)<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/08<br/><br/>Version 1 Level: WD Nº pages: 58<br/><br/>Author: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie) Schemes : Fabienne ANGUENOT (Transénergie) Date: 31/01/08 Comments: OK<br/><br/>9. Lessons learnt I ­ General considerations<br/>Managing Stand-alone installation generating electricity from different production processes, we started with the evaluation of the technical state of art and the geographical and social issue. We planned to produce electricity through a hybrid system which involves a photovoltaic and eolic generation groups and gensets managed by a control box. These are connected to the battery park, allowing for the stock of the over production. It could be used during the no-production period of the generation group. So that's no need to produce energy by the genset, linked with the control box. The first lesson learnt is concerning the structure of the generation/distribution system that could permit: · · · · · · · · Utilisation of several different and complementary energy sources Fuel cost reduction Less preventive maintenance routines per year Increasing of the genset lifetime Optimisation of the operating point for the genset (charge of the battery park with optimal power) Lower operating and running costs Increasing confidence on the generation/distribution system Greenhouse gases mitigation<br/><br/>The second step is to let the residents know: · · · What means to have got the electrification in their village? What are the applications of this system How they could manage the electrification<br/><br/>Usually there is a &quot;power building&quot; where the village keeper could control the levels of production, consumption and the state of the battery park. In order to allow an household administration, we have to install a communication system that follow the wiring in any singular home. The second lesson learnt concerns the need of socio-economical use of the ICT to: · · · Allow a better use of the electrical resources Increase energy production, distribution and consumption awareness in each citizen. Learn the relationship between energy and money through the knowledge of the running system variables<br/><br/>D 22 Project:<br/><br/>MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL Page 52/58<br/><br/>Work Package : 5- Development of MSG Design and Implementation method<br/><br/><br/>Contract 015286 (INCO) - CRESMED Document: D 22 ­ MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES WP 5 Task 5.5 Final use-CO Description: Guideline for hybrid system rural electrification Language English Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie - France) Revised by: Khaled DAOUD (NERC ­ Jordan)<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/08<br/><br/>Version 1 Level: WD Nº pages: 58<br/><br/>Author: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie) Schemes : Fabienne ANGUENOT (Transénergie) Date: 31/01/08 Comments: OK<br/><br/>The attention posed to the design of such a system has been extended to every part of the system, including and highlighting the key role of the communication system in such a flux of information needed both for system function and the user interface in order to grant all the aspects pointed out previously. Basically, a big effort has been addressed to few main issues: · · · reliability user-friendliness effectiveness of the information exchanged<br/><br/>1 Reliability<br/>The very first point has been easily evaluated as critical to the success of the overall project. Due to the physical, and loosely speaking, the geographical aspects of the targeted areas, particular carefulness is required to come out with a system architecture able to face to the broad range of temperatures, the short availability of spare components, the lack of communication networks sufficiently reliable to grant remote control and monitoring. These and many others aspects have to be addressed in first stage to give the basic requirement of reliability to the system. The further points examined depend strongly on this issue.<br/><br/>2 User friendliness<br/>No matter how reliable your system is, nobody will use it if he can't understand what it can do for him. As already noted before, the communication system is a mean of providing useful information not only to the devices which are connected to the &quot;network&quot; but to the different users to which these information is worth. Local and remote interfaces provide these data by notifying the user with the information he needs and discriminating on his tasks. Different devices are used for assuring the village keeper as well as the common users themselves, have all the feed-back at sight. These means for example being aware of the status of charge, functionality of the generators, demand of energy from the village houses. Easily readable and understandable features are used to give the user right feeling in system use.<br/><br/>3 Effectiveness of the information exchanged<br/>A deep study of the communication solutions targeted the optimisation of the data flowing on the bus connecting the devices involved. Reduction of the traffic on the bus and avoidance of repeated messages have a way increased the efficiency of the communication increasing the scalability of the system itself with no need of hardware changes.<br/><br/>II - Successful outcomes and common barriers<br/>After the analysis of case studies of the Mediterranean experience in the MSG implementation (Spain, Morocco and Palestine), we have sorted out the following information as lessons learned<br/>D 22 Project: MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES CRESMED Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL Page 53/58 Date: 29/10/2008<br/><br/>Work Package : 5- Development of MSG Design and Implementation method<br/><br/><br/>Contract 015286 (INCO) - CRESMED Document: D 22 ­ MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES WP 5 Task 5.5 Final use-CO Description: Guideline for hybrid system rural electrification Language English Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie - France) Revised by: Khaled DAOUD (NERC ­ Jordan)<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/08<br/><br/>Version 1 Level: WD Nº pages: 58<br/><br/>Author: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie) Schemes : Fabienne ANGUENOT (Transénergie) Date: 31/01/08 Comments: OK<br/><br/>1 Successful outcomes<br/>· Technical performance of the PV-systems is good, enlarged lifetime of battery expected because of generally high SOC by good energy management. This is also due to a low consumption rate as the systems are in many cases designed for future prevision of users estimated by the municipalities and so, are not completely used until now. Energy service with PV-hybrids is evaluated as good, the energy dispenser is well accepted by users and considered as a very necessary and useful device. Social acceptance of this technology is highly favoured by clear contractual framework and adapted tariff systems based on EDA and a flat fee. The energy guarantee is especially well accepted by the users. The energy demand assured to the users has been met for most users and in many cases exceeded, especially in the summer months. This is to be expected since the systems are designed for the month with the worst irradiation. Winter data is inconclusive since very little data was available; however in two cases the solar energy produced was lower than the EDA. The adjustment of the users' energy consumption when more energy is available due to excess irradiation and when changing from summer to winter shows that awareness exists that they must adapt to the environmental conditions. The user participation in the load management of the system by adapting their consumption, saving energy and monitoring important indicators such as the battery SOC is very high. The users are very aware that there are limits to the system and act accordingly by either reducing consumption, igniting the gen-set or using large consumers only at mid-day. The main factor for this high rate of participation is the remote display, which was mentioned by most users as a very simple and clear tool to do monitoring. Even if the level of formal training is not high, there has been success in the knowledge transfer of the basic elements of interacting with the system. Global best practice methodology could be developed for minimizing the risk in the project set-up phase and for flawless operation and maintenance scheme implementation. For this purpose in the scope of the MSG-project a set of tools were developed dealing mainly with the social aspects and communication in the planning phase, the decisive phase for viability of system operation and also crucial form the economical point of view.<br/><br/>· · ·<br/><br/>·<br/><br/>·<br/><br/>2 Barriers encountered<br/>· Difficult co-financing as normally rural users don't have sufficient income to finance the installation. So, public funds have to be raised depending on the regional context. This is not always easy and if there is not an average of 75% financing from public institutions rural electrification (conventional as well as PV stand alone) is difficult. Sometimes the legal framework does not allow the implementation of the energy service company out of the frame of the national or local electricity utility.<br/><br/>·<br/><br/>D 22 Project:<br/><br/>MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL Page 54/58<br/><br/>Work Package : 5- Development of MSG Design and Implementation method<br/><br/><br/>Contract 015286 (INCO) - CRESMED Document: D 22 ­ MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES WP 5 Task 5.5 Final use-CO Description: Guideline for hybrid system rural electrification Language English Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie - France) Revised by: Khaled DAOUD (NERC ­ Jordan)<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/08<br/><br/>Version 1 Level: WD Nº pages: 58<br/><br/>Author: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie) Schemes : Fabienne ANGUENOT (Transénergie) Date: 31/01/08 Comments: OK<br/><br/>· ·<br/><br/>·<br/><br/>Most failures that do occur are electronic ones, such as a damaged power stage of the inverter or a problem with the controller itself Extensive social work is indispensable for long-term sustainability of the service. The main difficulty in the design phase is to deal with complex socio-economic situations and the communication to the future users explaining them the features of this electrical service and its implications. A lack of integrated planning tools makes it difficult to easily assess the system design as too many factors have to be taken into account in these complex socio-technical systems. The conventional tools just offer technical or sometimes economical optimisation, normally only to be used by highly experienced experts.<br/><br/>3 Strengths and Weakness Profile<br/>The previous evaluation clearly indicates where the strengths and weaknesses of the rural electrification program lie. These are shown in the following table.<br/><br/>Strengths Monitoring Tools<br/><br/>Comment The remote display gives a clear and simple indication of the most important parameters. The basic maintenance program creates a sense of responsibility and encourages involvement of the user. High Level of The users show a high level of awareness and consciousness about Awareness the limits of the installation and their influence on the operation. Protection The energy management system reduces user related damage to components caused by manipulation or excess consumption. Performance The systems have a high efficiency and produce the guaranteed energy contracted to the user. Reliability The system's components have a long lifetime and low failure rate, which keep costs down and user satisfaction high. Weaknesses Corrective Maintenance Comment A lack of quality standards for the corrective maintenance leads to a large variation in the quality of repairs and as a result a variation in the user satisfaction. Clarity of A lack of clarity in the composition of the fees, in the ownership of Communication the system and the preventative maintenance interval leads to dissatisfaction with the service, the administration and the monthly fee. Training Lack of consistency in the completion and form of the user training leads to misconceptions, doubts and preoccupation by the user. Demand Large discrepancies between the user's actual loads and those Estimation estimated in the design phase can lead to dissatisfaction with the installation in the future since the user's needs aren't met.<br/><br/>D 22 Project:<br/><br/>MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL Page 55/58<br/><br/>Work Package : 5- Development of MSG Design and Implementation method<br/><br/><br/>Contract 015286 (INCO) - CRESMED Document: D 22 ­ MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES WP 5 Task 5.5 Final use-CO Description: Guideline for hybrid system rural electrification Language English Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie - France) Revised by: Khaled DAOUD (NERC ­ Jordan)<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/08<br/><br/>Version 1 Level: WD Nº pages: 58<br/><br/>Author: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie) Schemes : Fabienne ANGUENOT (Transénergie) Date: 31/01/08 Comments: OK<br/><br/>10. Conclusion<br/>It is absolutely necessary to study, learn and take into account all the experience gained by implementing of the installation and also the operation of the past MSG projects since now, in order to avoid mistakes and improve the solution. The implementation of a MSG Project needs to deal with all the factors which are relevant for the well running and operation of the system (technical, economical, social and management).<br/><br/>I - Financial and organizational aspects<br/>One important part of the operation and management scheme is to be sure that the users are paying well and on time in order to cover the expenses of O&amp;M. This is the role of the local entity designed to assure the well running of the system, thanks to the payment of the users and external subsidies if exist. It is also necessary to establish a relation based on contracts between the users and the management entity; also with any other entity involved in the operation of the installation (external technician for corrective maintenance, etc). It is interesting to note that this management, also called energy service entity, could be used to organize other type of service for basic needs, as water service. Concerning the tariff, the decision recommended is to establish flat tariffs according to energy availability segments, since most of the costs of operation and maintenance are fixed. As an example, the case studies realized in the Mediterranean area learn illustrate this issue: Tariff = Fix cost + Cost per kWh * Energy Available ­ Cross subsidy (for lower tariffs). The fix costs components are for transaction costs and are accounted equally for all users. Variable costs are used to pay for the replacement of batteries and power conditioning equipment. As for cross-subsidies, the criteria to calculate them are that an affordable monthly tariff for electricity is at most a 5% of the monthly income. The tariffs established for different projects in the targeted area are shown in next table:<br/><br/>Daily Segment Energy availability Very low Up to 275 usage Wh Low usage Up to 550 Wh Medium (1) Up to 1100 usage Wh Medium (2) Up to 1650 usage Wh High usage Up to 2200 Wh<br/>D 22 Project:<br/><br/>Tariffs (in ) Bni Said Akane (Morocco) (Morocco) 5.9 (4.55 + 0.46*8 4.55 25) 11.82 (4.55+ 6.07 0.46*17) 22.73 (4.55 fix + 9.11 0.46*3.64) 22.73 (4.55 fix + 12.15 0.46*3.64)<br/>15.19<br/><br/>Atuf (Palestine)<br/>8.04 11.02 14.01 16.99<br/><br/>MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL Page 56/58<br/><br/>Work Package : 5- Development of MSG Design and Implementation method<br/><br/><br/>Contract 015286 (INCO) - CRESMED Document: D 22 ­ MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES WP 5 Task 5.5 Final use-CO Description: Guideline for hybrid system rural electrification Language English Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie - France) Revised by: Khaled DAOUD (NERC ­ Jordan)<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/08<br/><br/>Version 1 Level: WD Nº pages: 58<br/><br/>Author: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie) Schemes : Fabienne ANGUENOT (Transénergie) Date: 31/01/08 Comments: OK<br/><br/>For the substitution or the purchase of efficient devices, due to the low capacity of payment of the users and also the high cost of these devices, it would be recommended to include them in the initial investment cost or organize a system of renting which could allow a progressive payment by the users. This renting system could be integrated in the general management or be independent. In any case, this issue has to be explored and studied more deeply in each case to fix the fees of the different devices.<br/><br/>II - Technical characteristics<br/>It is important to foresee a redundancy in the generation part (presence of genset, etc) in case of failure of the system and also spare parts for the power conditioning unit. The use of a modular power conditioning unit based on removable cards is an advantage. In the MSG concept, one fundamental idea is the limitation of the consumption and the efficient use of the energy. The first point can be solved using a device limiting power and energy for each user in order to share on an equal way the limited resources. The limitation of power will allow the reduction of the size of the inverter and the limitation of energy the size of the PV array and the battery. These measures must be followed by the promotion of the efficient use of the energy and the demand side management in order to maintain the same level and quality of service.<br/><br/>III - Design of the installation<br/>In order to realize a correct estimation of the demand and then design the installation according to the needs, it is necessary to take into account not only the factor of simultaneity of the power but also the factor of efficient use of the energy, which is the efficiency of the devices used by the users. For the estimation of the energy needs, the ability and willingness to pay are two crucial factors.<br/><br/>IV - Maintenance<br/>As we have mentioned, the implementation of an entity in charge of the operation and maintenance is a must. The long life of the equipments will depend of the efficiency of this structure as well as the proper management to assure long term sustainability. It is important to foresee the way of dealing quickly with the failures on the long term, using for instance additional contracts with professional experts for the corrective maintenance and the exchange of spare parts.<br/><br/>V - Parameters of evaluation and assessment of the operation<br/>In order to evaluate and follow the installation and its operation, it is recommended to develop some indicators. The target issues are: the quality of the service, the satisfaction of the users<br/>D 22 Project: MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES CRESMED Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL Page 57/58 Date: 29/10/2008<br/><br/>Work Package : 5- Development of MSG Design and Implementation method<br/><br/><br/>Contract 015286 (INCO) - CRESMED Document: D 22 ­ MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES WP 5 Task 5.5 Final use-CO Description: Guideline for hybrid system rural electrification Language English Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie - France) Revised by: Khaled DAOUD (NERC ­ Jordan)<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/08<br/><br/>Version 1 Level: WD Nº pages: 58<br/><br/>Author: Jean-Christian MARCEL (Transénergie) Schemes : Fabienne ANGUENOT (Transénergie) Date: 31/01/08 Comments: OK<br/><br/>and the performance of the system. These indicators have to be simple: simple in their way of implementation and also of interpretation. This will also help to anticipate possible failure and then be more reactive when a problem occurs.<br/><br/>VI - Social aspects<br/>The most critical issue is the social cohesion. That is why it is recommended to work in this way, promoting the social cohesion between the users and studying the way to implement the most suitable management model for the community. One possibility is to take benefit of existing social structure within the community like committee or association, in order to manage the MSG.<br/><br/>---------§§§§§§§§§----------<br/><br/>D 22 Project:<br/><br/>MSG SYSTEM ENGINEERING GUIDELINES CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 29/10/2008 Responsible: Jean-Christian MARCEL Page 58/58<br/><br/>Work Package : 5- Development of MSG Design and Implementation method