Project no.: 015286 CRESMED Cost Efficient and Reliable Rural Electrification Schemes for South Mediterranean Countries Based on Multi User Solar Hybrid Grids<br/><br/>STREP Integrating and Strengthening the European Research Area<br/><br/>D-09 Monitoring system requirements report<br/>Due date of deliverable: March 2007 Actual submission date: May 2007 Start date of project: January 1, 2006 Duration: 42 Months<br/><br/>Organisation name of lead contractor for this deliverable: FhG Revision 1<br/>Project co-funded by the European Commission within the Sixth Framework Programme (20022006) Dissemination Level Public PU Restricted to other programme participants (including the Commission Services) PP Restricted to a group specified by the consortium (including the Commission Services) RE RE Confidential, only for members of the consortium (including the Commission Services) CO<br/><br/><br/>Contract 015286 (INCO) - CRESMED Document: DELIVERABLE 9 WP 4 Task 4.1<br/><br/>Final use- I<br/><br/>Date:15.4.07<br/><br/>Version:01 Level: WD Nº pages:19<br/><br/>Description: Definition of requirements for monitoring and system control Language English Responsible: Georg Bopp Revised by: Antoine Graillot<br/><br/>Author: Georg Bopp and Antoine Graillot Date: 01/05/07 Comments<br/><br/>WORK PACKAGE 4 DELIVERABLE 9: Monitoring system requirements report<br/><br/>I1 Project:<br/><br/>Internal document : Monitoring system requirements report CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 15.4.07 Responsible: Georg Bopp Page 1/19<br/><br/>Work Package : 4- Communication, monitoring and remote control system<br/><br/><br/>Content<br/><br/>1. 2. 3.<br/><br/>Summary _____________________________________________________________ 3 Introduction ___________________________________________________________ 3 Specification of Data Collection Requirements ______________________________ 4 3.1. Parameters to be Determined_________________________________________ 4 3.1.1. DC based measurements __________________________________________ 5 3.1.2. Environmental measurements ______________________________________ 6 3.1.3. Calculated or determined measurements______________________________ 7 3.1.4. Sign convention for signals ________________________________________ 7 3.1.5. Type of desirable and Centralita measurements ________________________ 8 3.1.6. Levels of Performance Monitoring __________________________________ 9<br/><br/>4.<br/><br/>Detailed description of system control and monitoring by Centralita ___________ 11 4.1. 4.2. Overview ________________________________________________________ 11 Domotic bus (TApS-BUS)___________________________________________ 11<br/><br/>4.3. RS 232 Bus for programming and data transfer ________________________ 12 4.3.1. Parameters of Configuration ______________________________________ 12 4.3.2. Data registered every month ______________________________________ 13 4.3.3. Data registered every hour _______________________________________ 15 4.3.4. Downloadable actually data ______________________________________ 16 4.4. 5. New CANopen bus ________________________________________________ 17 Literature ____________________________________________________________ 19<br/><br/>I1 Project:<br/><br/>Internal document : Monitoring system requirements report CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 15.4.07 Responsible: Georg Bopp Page 2/19<br/><br/>Work Package : 4- Communication, monitoring and remote control system<br/><br/><br/>1. Summary This deliverable based on the report &quot; Specification of minimal requirement of measurement procedures &quot; from Ian Baring-Gould, NREL, USA. This report was created in the year 2002 inside the European project &quot;Benchmarking ENK6-CT2001-80576&quot;. Itself based on standards for the monitoring and evaluation of photovoltaic systems developed by tern (see 4.3 Literature), the Joint Research Centre (JRC) from the European Commission (EC) the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), mainly the IEC 61724:1998 &quot; Photovoltaic system performance monitoring- Guidelines for measurement, data exchange and analysis and the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, Inc (IEEE). This document was meant to be a baseline for data measurements for isolated power systems with all types of renewable based power generation. This deliverable describes in a comprehensive manner the measurements to be made by the data acquisition equipment installed in renewable based isolated power systems. It also includes the values which are measured and stored by the Centralita of TTA and recommend further improvement which should be done inside the CRESMED project. The minimum set of requirements for the data sets to be analysed as part of the CRESMED project are identified as a subset of all possible parameters. The characteristics of this minimum data set are also described. The CRESMED project will use the data primarily to analyse the function of the complete PV-Wind hybrid system. 2. Introduction The reasons for monitoring the operation of power systems are as varied as the power systems that could be monitored. However, there are some common threads that this document brings together to allow a balanced approach to monitoring activities. This document was designed to be as inclusive as possible, proposing a framework that describes the monitoring of most types of off grid power systems. The document identifies a large number of specific parameters that can be measured as part of an off grid power system monitor and provides specifics about how these parameters should be measured and tabulated. This document gives a comparison with the existing possibilities of the Centralita from TTA and gives recommendations for improvements inside the project CRESMED The Centralita contains one or several MPP trackers for the PV array, one or several DC/AC inverters and a control board. The control board supervise mainly the battery, the MPP trackers, the inverters, collect a set of data and control via a special 48V bus external devices Although the authors have tried to provide the most relevant information, the experience that this report encompasses is by no sense complete. It is based on years of field work in hybrid power system design and monitoring but with the clear understanding that the technology is still evolving. To satisfy the needs of the monitoring process, five essential functions must be considered: · Measurement of physical magnitudes that will indicate the system condition and operating status, · Processing of the measurements to generate data displaying the installation condition and operating status as needed by the design methodology, · Storage of data relevant to the system in an accessible format. · Understanding and documentation of the power system to address any data concerns<br/>I1 Project: Internal document : Monitoring system requirements report CRESMED Responsible: Georg Bopp Page 3/19 Date: 15.4.07<br/><br/>Work Package : 4- Communication, monitoring and remote control system<br/><br/><br/>· Provision so that the monitoring system should continue to provide information on appropriate parameters even if the power system is not operating. In conclusion, this document provides information of data collection and recommends improvements for the Centralita. However, this document is not a complete guide to the monitoring of remote power systems. It is recommended that anybody interested in the area of power systems monitoring should obtain a basic understanding of measurement theory before attempting to monitor remote power systems. 3. Specification of Data Collection Requirements This following section specifies the type of data that should be collected from the power system and concludes with the minimum data records that will be needed for the evaluation of a PV-Wind hybrid system. 3.1. Parameters to be Determined<br/><br/>Two types of small power systems dominate use, the most common and the Centralita has the predominate connections of each device to the DC bus, figure 1. The second type has each device connected to the AC bus, usually through a dedicated power converter or signal conditioner, this type is not described in this paper.<br/><br/>Vwind G Vdir Vflow TAm<br/>C harge Controler<br/><br/>C ha r g e Controler<br/><br/>VG_c<br/><br/>IG_c EG<br/><br/>IG<br/><br/>Iwtg_c TS<br/><br/>Vwtg_c<br/><br/>Iwtg<br/>Vdc<br/><br/>DC<br/>IINV<br/><br/>AC<br/>EINV<br/>Vac ,pfac ,EU_reac ,f U<br/><br/>C harge Controler<br/><br/>VS_c<br/><br/>IS_c<br/><br/>IS ,ITS ,IFS IINV<br/>Charge Controler<br/><br/>DC<br/><br/>AC<br/>EINV<br/><br/>IA_c<br/>C harge Controler<br/><br/>IA<br/><br/>EU<br/><br/>Vhydro_c<br/><br/>Ihydro_c<br/><br/>I hydro<br/><br/>C har ge Controler<br/><br/>VU_dc<br/><br/>I U_dc<br/><br/>Figure 1: DC based power system<br/>Power measurements of items connected to the DC bus are completed by measuring the current between the DC bus and the device while taking simultaneous voltage measurement of the link. AC devices are measured through dedicated power (KVA, KW and/or Power Factor) measurement using transducers designed for these activities. In cases where more<br/>I1 Project: Internal document : Monitoring system requirements report CRESMED Responsible: Georg Bopp Page 4/19 Date: 15.4.07<br/><br/>Work Package : 4- Communication, monitoring and remote control system<br/><br/><br/>than one component of the same type is included within the power system, such as two strings of batteries or two power converters, the measurements can either be taken independently or as a summation of the two components. Due to the prevalence of distinct charge controllers or signal conditioners between a specific component and the connection to other devices, i.e. ac or dc bus, two parameters must be measured, one at the component and one at the specific bus. The specification &quot;c&quot; is used to identify a measurement on the component side of any signal conditional or voltage control device. If such a device does not exist, or is not to be considered, these measurements do not need to be considered and the voltage at the component can be considered the same as the voltage on the specific bus. The Centralita contains one or several MPP trackers as charge controller for the PV array, one or several DC/AC inverters and a control board. The control board supervise mainly the battery, the MPP trackers, the inverters, collect a set of data and control via a special 48V bus external devices. In figure 1 this control board is represented by the charge controller before the battery but it do convert the voltage or current. 3.1.1. DC based measurements IS : battery current going into and out of the battery storage from the dc or ac bus. If the system includes a voltage controller, signal conditioner or other device located between the battery and the specific bus, Is_c, should also be measured to determine the actual current into the battery storage. Is can be measured as either a total or per battery string. ITS: battery current to storage, measured or calculated separately from the battery current measurement. IFS: battery current from storage, measured or calculated separately from the battery current measurement. Is_c : battery current at the battery terminals in the case of a system with a separate battery charge regulator or signal conditioner between the battery and electrical bus. Measurement can be completed as either a total or per battery string. Iwtg: current from wind turbine generator between the charge controller and the dc bus. May be total for all wind turbines or individually. Measured at the voltage of the dc bus. Voltage is assumed to be the same as the dc bus bar. Iwtg_c: current from wind turbine generator before the wind turbine charge regulator. May be total for all wind turbines or individually though in most cases each turbine uses an independent charge controller. IA: current from a PV charge controller to the dc-Bus. May be total for all PV controllers or individually if more than one is used. Voltage is assumed to be the same as the dc bus bar. IA_c: current from PV modules before the charge controller or maximum power point tracker. May be total for all PV array modules or individually. Ihydro: current from a dc based micro hydro turbine. May be total for all units or measured individually. Voltage is assumed to be the same as the dc bus bar.<br/><br/>I1 Project:<br/><br/>Internal document : Monitoring system requirements report CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 15.4.07 Responsible: Georg Bopp Page 5/19<br/><br/>Work Package : 4- Communication, monitoring and remote control system<br/><br/><br/>Ihydro_c: current from a single micro hydro unit before any charge regulator or power converter. May be total for all units or individually. IG : current output of the backup generator set if the generator provides energy directly to the dc bus. May be total for all units or individually. Voltage is assumed to be the same as the dc bus bar. IG_c : current output from a single backup generator set before any charge regulator or power converter. May be a total for all units or measured individually. IU_dc : current to the loads or applications that are supplied with dc power. This current is measured at the boundary of the production system and the distribution or application. IInv : current to or from the inverter on the dc side of the converter. Vdc : voltage at the terminals of the dc bus. In the case of most small systems this is the same as the voltage at the battery bank but if a dedicated battery charge regulator is installed between the dc junction box and the battery, this value may be different. Vs_c : voltage measured across the terminals of the battery in a system including a dedicated voltage controller or charge regulator between the battery and the central bus of the power system. Vwtg_c : Voltage of the line between wind turbine and turbine charge controller. If there is no charge controller this voltage will be the same as the dc bus voltage Vdc. VA_c : Voltage of line between PV array and charge controller. If there is no charge controller this voltage will be the same as the dc bus voltage Vdc. Vhydro_c : voltage at the terminals of the hydro turbine if different from the connection bus. Output of the turbines will depend on the designed system but could be either ac or dc. VG_c : dc voltage across the terminals of the generator set prior to a regulated voltage controller. Output of the generator will depend on the designed system but could be either ac or dc. VU_dc : supply voltage of the dc application point. In most cases this will be equal to the dc bus voltage, Vdc. Since voltage drop can be a problem when low voltage dc devices are connected over long power cables, care should be taken in the location of dc voltage measurements. The reason for the measurement should be the key to the identification of the measurement point. If performance of a specific component is of interest, voltage should be measured at the component. If performance of a specific system is of interest then the measurement should be taken at the point where the dc device is connected to the power system, i.e. at the power system end of the power cables. 3.1.2. Environmental measurements G : Solar irradiance on a surface horizontal to the earths surface, W/m2 GI : Solar irradiance incident on the PV panel of the system being measured, W/m2 Vwind : Wind velocity at a specified height (m/s). May be multiple measurements. For wind systems these values should be at the height of the wind turbine or correlated to that height. It is also recommended that wind speeds at different heights be measured. For PV systems, the measurement should represent air flow over the PV array.<br/>I1 Project: Internal document : Monitoring system requirements report CRESMED Responsible: Georg Bopp Page 6/19 Date: 15.4.07<br/><br/>Work Package : 4- Communication, monitoring and remote control system<br/><br/><br/>VDir : Direction of the wind at the same location as velocity measurement. (degrees) TS : battery temperature. (C). This should be mounted at the negative battery terminal, next to a temperature-compensation sensor, if applicable, submerged in the liquid of a battery cell or on the cell wall. Temperature may also be recorded at the charge controller although this should be noted. TAm : Ambient temperature (C). Sensor should be enclosed in an appropriate ventilated radiation shield mounted in a location that will indicate the environment in which the system is operating. Vflow : Volumetric flow rate of the water in stream, m3/s, in close proximity to the hydro turbines. 3.1.3. Calculated or determined measurements EREN : Energy produced by the renewable energy sources. Can be measured, calculated from voltage and current measurements of each renewable energy device, or by summing the power from each renewable energy device. Assumed to be the actual available energy provided by the generators either to the dc or ac bus and would include any losses associated with a dedicated charge controller for each piece of equipment. Measurements need to be taken between the generator and any dedicated charge controllers. IREN : total current put out by REN sources (PV generator, wind-powered generator etc). May be a measurement of all of the renewable devices or a summation of measurements of all other renewable devices. Measurements need to be taken between the generator and any dedicated charge controllers. tG : generator set running time. Usually measured by tracking the voltage of the generator and summing the number of samples per time period that voltage is present. This will provide the running time per sample period. SSOC : The state of charge of the battery bank. Usually calculated by summing up the currents into and out of the battery over each time step and estimating from voltage and temperature measurements the proportion of the charging current which leads to gas evolution. SOC calculation requires periodic resetting when conditions of full charge have been met. This parameter can be measured/calculated with specific devices, but due to the cost and complexity of these devices, it is rarely done. ETh : The theoretical energy that could be produced by all of the renewable energy devices based on the REN resources present at the site assuming no regulation by the generation devices (PV, wind-power, micro-hydro or renewable based generator). This is the energy that the installation would have been capable of producing if there had not been low demand when energy was available and, at the same time, the regulating system had not limited or stopped charging the batteries due to high voltage as they became fully charged. 3.1.4. Sign convention for signals Sign convention is a significant issue for the measurement of power systems. Generally published international standards have a very narrow focus of how this should be determined, usually focused on the battery as the determining point for energy nomenclature. However, it is recommended that an electrical engineering sign convention using the approach of sources and sinks be adopted. Using this convention, energy or current flowing out a sources or into a sink is considered positive. In this case, energy or current going into the battery, away from the dc bus, is positive, energy coming out of the battery, and into the dc bus, is negative. Energy or current generated from the renewables and going into the loads is positive.<br/>I1 Project: Internal document : Monitoring system requirements report CRESMED Responsible: Georg Bopp Page 7/19 Date: 15.4.07<br/><br/>Work Package : 4- Communication, monitoring and remote control system<br/><br/><br/>3.1.5. Type of desirable and Centralita measurements Table 1 shows the type of desirable and Centralita measurements. In addition, all environmental measurements (see 3.1.2) are taken.<br/>Table 1: Desirable and Centralita Measurement Voltage on dc bus Voltage at battery terminals if different from Vdc IS Battery current (and direction ITS and IFS) IS_c Battery current (and direction) before charge controller IREN Summation of RE sources current Iwtg Wind turbine current after controller Iwtg_c Wind turbine current before controller Vwtg_c Wind turbine voltage before controller IA PV current from the charge controller IA_c PV current from the module/module VA_c PV voltage from the module/module Ihydro Micro hydro current Ihydro_c Micro hydro current from specific module Vhydro_c Micro hydro voltage (if different from Vdc or Vac) IInv Inverter current from dc bus IG Generator set current IG_c Generator set current from specific module VG_c Generator set voltage (if different from Vac) IU_dc Current at the dc utility input (if any) Vac Voltage of ac bus ES Energy into/out of battery bank SSOC Battery State of Charge EREN Energy from REN sources Ewtg Energy from wind turbine(s) Ewtg_c Energy from wind turbine(s) before charger EA Energy from PV array(s) Ehydro Energy from micro hydro turbine(s) Ehydro_c Energy from micro hydro turbine(s) before charger ETh Theoretical Energy from REN sources EG Energy from generator set EG_c Energy from generator set before charger EU Energy supplied to loads EInv Inverter energy from dc bus pfAC or Applications power factor or reactive power EU_reac requirements. fU Applications supply Frequency for ac Diesel Operational Status (On or Off) tG Generator set running time Fossil Fuel Consumption ­ may be taken from site logs Vdc VS_c Desirable Centralita Measured Calculated Measured Calculated VB<br/><br/>1<br/><br/>1<br/><br/>1<br/><br/>EB DOC EAC22 EAC22 EBAux2 EBA EBAux2<br/><br/>EAC12 EAC12<br/><br/>EBGe EBL<br/><br/>1 2<br/><br/>In the sum the voltages of two external shunts can be monitored by the centralita In the sum the pulses of two external energy meters can be monitored by the centralita<br/>Internal document : Monitoring system requirements report CRESMED Responsible: Georg Bopp Page 8/19 Date: 15.4.07<br/><br/>I1 Project:<br/><br/>Work Package : 4- Communication, monitoring and remote control system<br/><br/><br/>3.1.6. Levels of Performance Monitoring Three levels of data collection are seen as common in system monitoring, see table 2. General performance monitoring: Measures the output performance of the power system. Based mainly on system inputs and outputs, not on the internal working of the power system. This type of monitoring system would be used to ensure that the power system is operating, power is being supplied within proper parameters and that specific components are in fact operational. This level of system monitoring will not provide much assistance in system troubleshooting or even to determine if specific components are operating in accordance with designed specification. System performance monitoring: Similar to the above level but includes internal power system measurements. This level of system monitoring includes dc system voltages and currents or ac power measurements internal to the power system and allows for a general understanding of energy flow within the power system. This level of monitoring can be used to assess component performance on a macro level and assist in trouble shooting of system components. System design can also be assessed as well as the efficiencies of specific components. Scientific monitoring: This level of measurement will be used for scientific purposes in order to obtain an understanding of system operation and real time power flow. Data is also collected to monitor component efficiency and determine very specific operating performance. Data may be collected at a high frequency but will gather very quickly and so is not applicable for occasional analysis of general operational parameters. This level of monitoring should be used in order to allow very detailed analysis of system parameters and components. The Centralita collects the data which covered the general and system performance monitoring, see table 2. Their data collection is focused on energy values.<br/><br/>I1 Project:<br/><br/>Internal document : Monitoring system requirements report CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 15.4.07 Responsible: Georg Bopp Page 9/19<br/><br/>Work Package : 4- Communication, monitoring and remote control system<br/><br/><br/>Table 2 provides a specific list of the data that should be collected depending on the level of system oversight that is desired.<br/>Table 2: Parameters to be provided Type of data to be collected General System Scien- CentraPerforperfortific lita mance mance<br/><br/>Voltage on dc bus () Battery current (and direction) Battery current (and direction) before charge controller VS_c Voltage at battery terminals (if different from Vdc) IREN Summation of RE sources current () Iwtg Wind turbine current after controller Iwtg_c Wind turbine current before controller Vwtg_c Wind turbine voltage before controller IA_c PV current from the module IA PV current from the charge controller VA_c PV voltage from the module Ihydro Micro hydro current Ihydro_c Micro hydro current from specific module Vhydro Micro hydro voltage (if different from VS or VU) Iinv Inverter current from dc bus IG Generator set current () IG_c Generator set current from specific module () VG Generator set voltage (if different from Vac) () VG_c Generator set voltage before converter VU_dc Voltage at the dc utility input (if any) IU_dc Current at the dc utility input (if any) Vac Voltage at the ac utility input (if any) pfAC or Applications power factor or reactive power () EU_reac requirements. ES Energy into/out of the battery bank EREN Energy from REN sources () Ewtg Energy from wind turbine(s) EA Energy from PV array(s) Ehydro Energy from micro hydro turbine(s) ETh Theoretical Energy from REN sources EG Energy from generator set () EU Energy supplied to loads (dc and/or ac) fU Applications supply Frequency for ac () Atmospheric measurements GI Solar irradiance on array surface (may be () more than one) G Solar irradiance on a horizontal surface VDir Wind Direction at site (may be more than one) VWind Wind Speed at site (may be more than one) () TS Battery temperature Tam Ambient temperature () Vflow Water flow meter (may be more than one) () Determined or calculated Parameters Diesel Operational Status (On or Off) tG Generator set running time Fossil Fuel Consumption ­ may be taken () from site logs<br/><br/>Vdc IS IS_c<br/><br/>() () () () () () () () () () () EAC2 EAC2<br/><br/>EAC1 ()<br/><br/>() () ( ( ( ( ) ) ) )<br/><br/>()<br/><br/>()<br/><br/>()<br/><br/>()<br/><br/>: mandatory information, ( ) : optional information<br/>I1 Project: Internal document : Monitoring system requirements report CRESMED Responsible: Georg Bopp Page 10/19 Date: 15.4.07<br/><br/>Work Package : 4- Communication, monitoring and remote control system<br/><br/><br/>4. Detailed description of system control and monitoring by Centralita 4.1. Overview The Centralita contains a control board. The control board supervise mainly the battery, the MPP trackers, the inverters, collect a set of data and control external devices. The control board has three interfaces: · One for the external devices, which is a special 48 V bus called domotic bus (TApSBus) · One for programming and data transfer, which is a RS 232 bus · One for special analogue telephone modem 4.2. Domotic bus (TApS-BUS) This is a one way BUS. And it transports the power (48 V) and the information to the different devices (display, relay, energy dispenser). All the information called &quot;DOMOTIC MESSAGE&quot; is a paquet of 47 pulses sent each second. Each pulse lasts between 5µs and 10µs for the 0 and between 15µs and 20µs for the 1. A pulse means interruption of the 48V power supply of the devices. The repetition time between the pulses is 40µs The message has the following structure:<br/><br/>Pulses Signal 1 GENSET ON 4 ENERGY PRODUCED TODAY<br/><br/>4<br/><br/>ENERGY SUPPLIED TO LOADS TODAY POSITIVE SIGNAL NEGATIVE SIGNAL SIGN OF BATTERY CURRENT HBI&lt;30% AVAILABLE ENERGY HOT WATER TEMPERATURE BATTERY (DOC) BATTERY CURRENT PRODUCED POWER INVERTER OVERLOADED BATTERY LOW ALARM (RESTRICTION MODE)<br/>Internal document : Monitoring system requirements report CRESMED<br/><br/>1 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 4 1 1<br/>I1 Project:<br/><br/>Condition The genset is on Internal shunts which measure the PV input current, and the two other shunts for auxiliar generation. At midnight, the counter refresh the measurement Shunts which measure the output current (one before inverter for AC load and one for DC output). At midnight, the counter refresh the measurement there are like three positive signals (limiting, equalization completed, etc) there are few negative signals (battery empty, etc) 0:POSITIVE, battery will be charged 1:NEGATIVE, battery will be discharged Historical Battery index below 30%, this means the battery is relatively empty Actually available energy for the user ED/(2*EDA) Hot water temperature (T4) State of charge of the battery Battery current to and from storage Power produced by all sources (PV plus other generators) The output power of the inverter exceed the limit DOC of the battery is below the value of the alarm<br/>Date: 15.4.07 Responsible: Georg Bopp Page 11/19<br/><br/>Work Package : 4- Communication, monitoring and remote control system<br/><br/><br/>1 1 1 1 1 1<br/><br/>HOT WATER AVAILABLE SOLAR THERMAL COLLECTOR PUMP ON GENSET ON AT HIGH POWER LIMITING (First condition for BONIFICATION MODE) EQUALIZATION COMPLETED (Second condition for BONIFICATION MODE) DAY<br/><br/>The temperature of the water in the storage tank is high enough (TAc &gt; TSHWon , TAc &lt; TSHWoff) The temperature of the solar thermal collector is high enough to switch on the circulation pump (TCap - TAc &gt; TCir_on, TCap - TAc &lt; TCir_off) The genset is on and PGeN &gt; 20 KW The MPPT controller limits the charging current of the battery The battery has been charged today until reaching the equalisation voltage It is daylight (signal generated by the MPPT controller<br/><br/>Table 3. Resume of the messages of the TApS-bus<br/><br/>4.3. RS 232 Bus for programming and data transfer 4.3.1. Parameters of Configuration The management device needs information of the system which are the parameters of configuration, see table 4: Nº 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18<br/>I1 Project:<br/><br/>Name Energy: AlgDis Reserved EDA Installation : NId PAN CN Language NE Type Bat. Type Car. VEN Battery: VHVD VFVD VCo tHVDmax REq 100-SOCmin DOCmin<br/><br/>Type char char int int int int char char char char double double double double int int char char<br/><br/>Description<br/><br/>Vis. Display<br/><br/>Byt es 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 2 2 1 1<br/><br/>Control consumptions (0=V ,1= DOC ,2= EDA and NO DOC) Currently not used NO Energy Deliverability Assured (Wh/day) YES Nº identification Nominal Power of the PV array YES Nominal Capacity of the batteries YES Language of the messages YES Nº elements of battery NO Type of battery, (0-9) YES Battery Charger: 0-No 1-external 2- Reversible inverter. Nominal voltage for battery element NO Equalization voltage Floating voltage Control voltage Maximum time of equalization Equivalent resistance Allowed deep of discharge DOC below which the alarm starts<br/>Date: 15.4.07 Responsible: Georg Bopp Page 12/19<br/><br/>NO NO NO NO YES NO NO<br/><br/>Internal document : Monitoring system requirements report CRESMED<br/><br/>Work Package : 4- Communication, monitoring and remote control system<br/><br/><br/>19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33<br/><br/>VLVDmax VLVR KTV Genset. DOCGe NDge PGeN VGemax VGemin FGemax FGemin Hot water: SHW TSHWon TCir_on Modem: Modem Tlf Sensors meters: KVCel KPAC1 KPAC2 KPCa KPAn K1Pr K2Pr K1Hu K2Hu KPPl NCom Total and<br/><br/>double double double char char int char char char char char char char char Char[1 6] double int int int int int int int int int char<br/><br/>Max. Voltage of disconnection for low voltage Reconnection voltage Voltage Coefficient of temperature DOC below the level of starting of the Genset Days without completing full charge (??) because the Genser has started Nominal power of the Genset Max. Voltage of the genset Min. Voltage of the genset Max Frequency of the genset Min Frequency of the genset 0-No (there is no Hot water) 1-Yes<br/><br/>NO NO NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO<br/><br/>4 4 4 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 16<br/><br/>NO Differential of temperature for starting the water YES circulation No (0), internal (1), external (2), ... Phone number where the centralita will phone YES YES<br/><br/>34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44<br/><br/>Coefficient of voltage of the cell of reference Size of Pulses Energy counter 1 Size of Pulses Energy counter 1 Size of Pulses of the flowmeter Size of Pulses of wind meter Coefficient 1 of the sensor of pressure Coefficient 2 of the sensor of pressure Coefficient 1 of the humidity sensor Coefficient 2 of the humidity sensor Size of Pulses of pluviometer Commercial name (0-9)<br/><br/>YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES<br/><br/>4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 95<br/><br/>Table 4.Parameters of configuration<br/><br/>4.3.2. Data registered every month PARÀMETER Month Year Days 1.- Generation: Energy from PV array Energy from generator set (reversible inverter and batt. Charger) Input back up (Exterior2)<br/>I1 Project: CRESMED Responsible: Georg Bopp Page 13/19<br/><br/>m a Nd,m EBA,m EBAux1,m EBAux2,m<br/><br/>Unities logged Month Year<br/><br/>Resolut ion 1 1 1 day 1 kWh 1 kWh 1 kWh<br/><br/>Range 0..12 0..99 0..31<br/><br/>Range max 0..255 0..255 0..255<br/><br/>Byte 1 1 1 2 2 2<br/><br/>Bytes total 1 1 2 4 6 8<br/><br/>KWh KWh KWh<br/><br/>0..6000 0..65535 0..3000 0..65535 0..6000 0..65535<br/>Date: 15.4.07<br/><br/>Internal document : Monitoring system requirements report<br/><br/>Work Package : 4- Communication, monitoring and remote control system<br/><br/><br/>2.- Consumption: Energy supplied to AC loads (measured at DC level before the inverter) Energy supplied to DC loads 3.- Service: Disconnection for ED Disconnection for low battery Overload 4.- Batteries: Historical Battery index Min. Index of Battery<br/><br/>EBL,m<br/><br/>KWh<br/><br/>1 kWh<br/><br/>0..3700 0..65535<br/><br/>2<br/><br/>10<br/><br/>EBLCC,m tEDD,m tLVD,m THVD,m HBI DOCmin,<br/>m<br/><br/>KWh<br/><br/>1 kWh<br/><br/>0..180<br/><br/>0..255 0..65535 0..65535 0..255<br/><br/>1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1<br/><br/>11 13 15 16 17 18 20 21 22 23<br/><br/>Minutes 1 minute Minutes 1 minute<br/><br/>% % KWh ºC+20 (V40)*(25 5/30) (V40)*(25 5/30) l/day KWh KWh min<br/><br/>3 1% kWh 1ºC 0.1V 0.1V<br/><br/>0..100 0..100<br/><br/>0..255 0..255<br/><br/>Battery Output Energy EBD,m Average battery TBmed,m temperature Average charge voltage of VBCmed,m of VBDmed,m<br/><br/>0..7500 0..65535 10..100 10..245º C 40..70 0..255 40..70 0..255<br/><br/>Average voltage discharge<br/><br/>5.- ACS: Consumption of hot water Useful solar heat Useful auxiliar heat Unavailable hot water 7.- Meteorology: Solar irradiation Rain Max ambient temperature Min temperature Average temperature<br/><br/>QSHW,m ESHW,m EAHW,m tUSHW,m<br/><br/>1 1 1 1min<br/><br/>0..200<br/><br/>0..255 0..65535 0..65535 0..65535<br/><br/>1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2<br/><br/>24 26 28 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 39 41 43 45<br/><br/>WS KWh/m2 1 Pl l/m2 1 TEx_max,m ºC+20 1ºC ºC+20 1ºC 1ºC<br/><br/>0.255 0..255 10..100<br/><br/>ambient TEx_min,m<br/><br/>ambient TEx_med,m ºC+20 vmed,m vmax,m NC EBA EBAux2 EBL<br/><br/>Average wind speed Max. Wind speed 8.- Meters Cycles of discharge Energy from PV Energy from Back up Generator Inverter energy from<br/>I1 Project: CRESMED<br/><br/>m/s*(25 0.1m/s 5/30) m/s*(25 0.1m/s 5/30) Cycles KWh KWh KWh<br/><br/>0..255 0.255 10..245º C 10..100 10..245º C 10..100 10..245º C 0..30m/ 0..30m/s s 0..30m/ 0..30m/s s<br/><br/>1 cycles 0..9999 0..65535 1 KWh 0..9999 0..65535 1 KWh 0..9999 0..65535 1 KWh 0..9999 0..65535<br/>Date: 15.4.07 Responsible: Georg Bopp<br/><br/>Internal document : Monitoring system requirements report<br/><br/>Work Package : 4- Communication, monitoring and remote control system<br/><br/>Page 14/19<br/><br/><br/>battery Energy Counter AC1 Energy Counter AC2 Reserve<br/><br/>EAC1 EAC2<br/><br/>KWh KWh<br/><br/>1 KWh 1 KWh<br/><br/>0..9999 0..65535 0..9999 0..65535<br/><br/>2 2 15<br/><br/>47 49 64<br/><br/>4.3.3. Data registered every hour PARAMETER Year Month Day Hour 1.- Generation: Input from PV a m d h EBA,h Unities logged Resol ution Any Mes Dia Hores Wh Wh Wh Wh Wh Minuts 1 1 1 1 1 Wh 1 Wh 1 Wh 1 Wh 1 Wh 1 min Range 00..99 1..12 0..31 0..23 0..8000 0..8000 0..8000 0..9000 0..240 0..60 0..3 Range max 0..99 0..99 0..99 0..99 0..6553 5 0..6553 5 0..6553 5 0..6553 5 0..255 0..64 0..3 Bytes ocupat s 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 6 bits 2 bits<br/><br/>Energy from generator set EBGe,h' (Aux1 + reversible inverter) Input from Auxiliar 2 EBAux2,h 2.- Consumption: Energy supplied to AC loads EBL,h (measured at DC level before the inverter) Energy supplied to DC loads EBLCC 3.- Service: Disconnection user tUS,h (minuts/h) Reason disconnection<br/><br/>Available Energy 4.- Bateries: Average voltage of charge Average voltage of discharge Average battery temperature. T1 Min. Index of Battery during the last hour Equalization completed<br/><br/>ED VBCmed,h VBDmed,h TBmed,h<br/><br/>1: DOC=0 o 1 V&lt;VLVD 2: ED=0 3: ondulad. (ED*255)/Edma 1 x (V-40)*(255/30) 0.1 V (V-40)*(255/30) 0.1 V °C+20 1 ºC 1% 1 1<br/><br/>0..255 40..70 40..70<br/><br/>0..255 40..70 40..70<br/><br/>1 1 1 1 7 bits (LSB) 1 bit (MSB) 1 1 1<br/><br/>-10..100 0..255 0..100 0/1 0..127 0/1<br/><br/>DOCmin,h % EC Binari l °C+20 °C+20<br/><br/>5.- ACS Consumption hot water QSHW,h Cold water Temperature T3 TCWmed,h Temperature of the water TAc_med,h<br/>I1 Project: CRESMED<br/><br/>0..100 0..255 -10..100 0..255 -10..100 0..255<br/>Date: 15.4.07<br/><br/>Internal document : Monitoring system requirements report<br/><br/>Work Package : 4- Communication, monitoring and remote control system<br/><br/>Responsible: Georg Bopp<br/><br/>Page 15/19<br/><br/><br/>tank T4 Temperature auxiliar 7.- Meteorology Solar irradiance<br/><br/>T5 THWmed,h WSmed,h TEx_med,h Humed,h Prmed,h vmed,h vmax,h Sv,h WD Pl EAC1,h EAC2,h<br/><br/>°C+20 W/m2 *0,2125 °C+20 % m/s*(255/30) m/s*(255/30) º (l/m2) Wh Wh 4.7 W/m2 1ºC 1%<br/><br/>-10..100 0..255 0..1200 0..1200<br/><br/>1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 37<br/><br/>Average ambient temperature T2 Relative humidity Atmospheric pressure Average speed of the wind Max speed of the wind Wind speed Wind direction Rain 8.- Other: Energy counter AC1 Energy counter AC2 TOTAL<br/><br/>-20..100 0..255 0..100<br/><br/>0..255 0..255 0.1m/s 0..30m/s 0..30 m/s 0.1m/s 0..30m/s 0..30 m/s 0..255 0..255 2º 0..180 0..255 1 l/m2 0..20 0..8000 0..8000 0..65535 0..65535<br/><br/>1 1<br/><br/>4.3.4. Downloadable actually data Nº 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Name WS v WD TB TEx TCW TAc THW TCap QSHW EAC1 EAC2 Pl DOC VB IB' ITaf CD ED EBA EBGe' EBAux2 EBL Description Solar irradiance (W/m2) Wind speed (m/s) Wind direction Battery temperature (ºC) (T1) Ambient temperature (ºC) (T2) Cold water temperature (ºC) (T3) Hot water storage temperature (ºC) (T4) Hot water temperature of (T5) Solar collector output temperature (T6) Hot water flow Energy (AC) from generator set (Wh) Energy (AC) from second AC sources or supplied to loads (Wh) Rainfall (liters/m2) Battery depth of discharge(%) Voltage at Battery terminals Corrected battery current (A) Battery gassing current (A) Discharge capacity (Ah) Available Energy (Wh) Energy from PV array (W) Energy (DC) from generator set (W) Energy (DC) from second generator (wind or hydro) (W) Energy supplied to all loads (W) (DC supply + input inverter) Bytes 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4<br/><br/>I1 Project:<br/><br/>Internal document : Monitoring system requirements report CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 15.4.07 Responsible: Georg Bopp Page 16/19<br/><br/>Work Package : 4- Communication, monitoring and remote control system<br/><br/><br/>4.4. New CANopen bus The existing data transfer via the special 48 V is not reliable enough if the number of connected devices exceed about 20 and the length of total cabling exceed about 500m. To overcome this restriction it is recommended to use the CAN bus with a CANopen protocol. CAN is suggested because it is a widespread bus in automotive and automation, this means a lot of cheap electronic devices like microcontrollers and bus drivers are available. An other important reason for this recommendation is that the CAN in Automation (CIA) international users and manufacturers group has funded in 2005 a Special Interest Group (SIG) for the topic ,,development and maintenance of CANopen application profiles for photovoltaic systems&quot;. This group is divided in two very active sub groups: CIA 437: &quot;grid connected PV&quot;, CIA 438: &quot;Decentralised battery based energy supply systems&quot;. It is expected that the CANopen standard for grid connected PV will be ready at the end of 2007. The last important reason for CANopen is that the responsible partners Sasso and Fraunhofer ISE for the control and monitoring in the CRESMED project have a lot of experience with the implementation of CANopen. It is recommended to convert the RS 232 bus into the CANopen bus with an external bus converter to overcome the restrictions with the length of the bus. Additionally in the future the RS 232 bus must contains the data which where in the moment only transmitted via the special<br/><br/>I1 Project:<br/><br/>Internal document : Monitoring system requirements report CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 15.4.07 Responsible: Georg Bopp Page 17/19<br/><br/>Work Package : 4- Communication, monitoring and remote control system<br/><br/><br/>48 V bus. In the field a second converter which convert the CANopen into the special 48 V bus is necessary, that the existing devices like display, relay and mainly the energy dispenser can be used, see figure 3. It is possible to use instead of the special relay a standard CANopen input/output device.<br/><br/>Fig. 3: The Centralita with the existing RS 232 and special 48 V bus and the recommended Existing (data, 2400bit/s) RS-232 new CANopen bus (green and italicise)<br/>Laptop Centralita Modem<br/><br/>New (data + message)<br/><br/>·<br/><br/>Configuration<br/><br/>· Data<br/><br/>RS232 CAN CAN<br/>Max. 500m (100kbit/s) Max. 1000m (50kbit/s)<br/><br/>· Data<br/><br/>Transmission<br/><br/>i iti<br/><br/>48 V Bus (message, 32bit/s)<br/><br/>Display<br/><br/>Mode m<br/>Relay<br/><br/>Relay<br/><br/>RS-232<br/>Energy dispenser Energy dispenser<br/><br/>CAN<br/><br/>I1 Project:<br/><br/>Internal document : Monitoring system requirements report CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 15.4.07 Responsible: Georg Bopp Page 18/19<br/><br/>Work Package : 4- Communication, monitoring and remote control system<br/><br/><br/>5. Literature JRC: Guidelines for the Assessment of Photovoltaic Plants, Document A, Photovoltaic System Monitoring, Ispra, Italy, 1995 IEC 61724: Photovoltaic system performance monitoring ­ Guidelines for measurement, data exchange and analysis, Technical Committee 82 on Solar Photovoltaic energy systems of the International Electrotechnical Commission, 1998 IEC 1400-1 Wind turbine generator systems ­ Part 1: Safety Requirements: Technical Committee 88 on Wind Energy Systems of the International Electrotechnical Commission, Date IEC 62257-1 (Committee Draft): Recommendations for small renewable energy and hybrid systems for rural electrification ­ Part 1: General introduction to rural electrification. Technical Committee 82 on Solar Photovoltaic energy systems of the International Electrotechnical Commission, December 2001. IEC 62257-1 (Draft): Recommendations for small renewable energy and hybrid systems for rural electrification ­ Part 4: System selection and design. Technical Committee 82 on Solar Photovoltaic energy systems of the International Electrotechnical Commission, April 2001. IEC 61836: Solar photovoltaic energy systems- Terms and symbols, Technical Committee 82 on Solar Photovoltaic energy systems of the International Electrotechnical Commission, 2006 IEEE P1526/D5 Draft Recommended Practice for Testing the Performance of Stand-Alone Photovoltaic Systems. The Stand-Alone Photovoltaic Systems Working Group of Standards Coordinating Committee 21, Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, Inc., 2002 IEEE Std 115901995(R2001) Recommended Practice for Monitoring Electric Power Quality, IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 22 on Power Quality, Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, Inc., 1995, revised 2001. Wright, Charles; &quot;Applied Measurement Engineering, How to design effective mechanical measurement systems&quot;; Prentice Hall PTR; Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA; 1995.<br/><br/>I1 Project:<br/><br/>Internal document : Monitoring system requirements report CRESMED<br/><br/>Date: 15.4.07 Responsible: Georg Bopp Page 19/19<br/><br/>Work Package : 4- Communication, monitoring and remote control system